反思与建构:关于伪造、篡改档案行为刑法规制的思考

Reflection and Construction: Thoughts on the Criminal Law Regulation of Falsification and Tampering with Archives

我国现行刑法采取“迂回打击”进路惩治伪造、篡改档案的行为,即以打击使用虚假身份证件罪,冒名顶替罪,滥用职权罪,伪造国家机关公文、证件、印章罪等犯罪的方式遏制该行为并实现对行为人的处罚。“迂回打击”进路对于规制伪造、篡改档案行为具有积极意义,但也存在未能在刑法上独立评价伪造、篡改档案行为,功效的发挥严重依赖关联犯罪,未能完全遵循罪刑法定原则等缺陷,唯有通过立法方式增设伪造、篡改档案罪才能实现对该行为的有效规制。该罪应当归类在妨害社会管理秩序罪中;在罪状描述上,应采用引证罪状和叙明罪状相结合的方式;在法定刑设置上,应参照擅自出卖、转让国有档案罪。

China's current criminal law adopts a"roundabout blows"approach to punish forging and tampering with archives,i.e.to curb such acts and punish the perpetrators by combating crimes such as the use of false identity documents,impersonation,abuse of authority and forgery of official documents,certificates and seals of state organs.The"roundabout blows"approach has positive significance in regulating the act of forgery and tampering with archives,but it also has the shortcomings of failing to independently evaluate the act of forgery and tampering with archives in criminal law,relying heavily on related crimes for its effectiveness,and failing to fully comply with the principle of criminality.The only way to effectively regulate such acts is to add the crime of forging or tampering with archives through legislation.The offence should be categorised as a crime against the order of social administration;in terms of the description of the crime,a combination of citation and description of the crime should be adopted;in terms of the statutory penalty,reference should be made to the crime of unauthorised sale or transfer of state-owned archives.