正义何解?——马克思与罗尔斯的自由观之辨

What is Justice?-Differences Between Marx's and Rawls'Views on Freedom

马克思与罗尔斯都对功利主义自由观进行了批判,并在此基础上形成各具特点的自由理论,构成各自正义观的理论基调。二者都探讨了“谁的自由”“怎样的自由”与“如何自由”等重要问题:马克思以历史唯物主义为视角,关注资本所有制下受剥削与异化的无产阶级的生存,将自由看作人的本质的实现,指出通过劳动生产力的发展与无产阶级革命的结合,逐步实现共产主义社会中人的自由与全面发展;罗尔斯从现有的资本主义市场经济与民主政治体制出发,关注社会中由于自然偶然分配的“最不利者”的权益,将自由界定为社会全部成员最大均等的自由,指出通过改善现有的社会政策,保障“最不利者”的利益,实现公平正义的良序社会。罗尔斯的自由观是完善现有社会制度的内在的自由,马克思的自由观是变革资本社会的超越的自由;罗尔斯的正义观侧重当下,马克思的正义观蕴含超越;二者都旨在构建一个满足人类自由全面发展的正义社会。对二者在自由理论基础上正义观的厘清无论对国内的政治哲学研究,还是对我国当下美好社会的建设都有重要意义。

Criticizing utilitarian view of freedom,is the common departure of both Karl Marx's and John Rawls'theories of freedom which define their view of justice respectively.Several questions such as"whose freedom","what kind of freedom",and"how to be free"are all important issues in their works.From the perspective of historical materialism,Marx pays attention to the survival of the exploited and alienated proletariats under the ownership of capitalism,and regarded freedom as the realization of human nature.Through the development of labor productivity and the revolution of the proletariat,the free and comprehensive development of people in the communist society can be realized.Rawls,standing for the existing capitalist market economy and democratic political system,focuses on the rights of the the least advantaged created by the natural random distribution.He defines freedom as the maximally equal freedom of all social members.The current social policy needs to be improved in order to secure the interests of the least advantaged,and so that a well-ordered society with justice and fairness can be realized.Rawls'concept of freedom is the inner freedom to perfect the existing social system,while Marx's concept of freedom is the transcendental freedom calling for a transformation of the capitalist society.Rawls'concept of justice focuses on the present,while Marx's concept of justice contains transcendence.However,both of them aim at constructing a just society that satisfies the comprehensive development of human freedom.The clarifications of their concepts of justice based on their theory of freedom are of great significance not only to the domestic study of political philosophy,but also to our current enterprise of constructing the good society.