类比的逻辑分析

The Logical Analysis on Analogy

类比无处不在。然而究竟什么是类比?如何评估类比?类比和隐喻的关系如何?从逻辑学角度出发层层递进地分析以上问题,指出源自西方的“analogy”侧重于比较,中国的类比则侧重于分类+比较。结合以上分析重新审视了类比和隐喻的联系与区分:类比和隐喻都可以看作带结构的比较;类比是同类相比;隐喻是在异类中看到同理,是一种“聚焦模式的比较”。进一步分析了带结构的比较,尝试打破一些思维上的陈规惯性,以更开敞和本原的方式去探讨类比认知的思维规律。

Analogies abound.But what exactly is an analogy?How to evaluate an analogy?What is the relationship between analogy and metaphor?What is the cognitive mechanism of analogies?From the perspective of logic,this paper analyzes the above problems step by step,and points out that analogies in the Western tradition focus on comparison,while analogies in the Chinese tradition(类比)focus on classification and comparison.Based on the mode of classification+comparison,this paper analyzes the connection and distinction between analogy and metaphor:both analogy and metaphor can be regarded as structured comparison;an analogy is a comparison under the same category;a metaphor is a comparison across categories when similarities are discovered,which is a kind of focusing mode comparison.Finally,this paper analyzes different structured comparisons from the point of view of logic.This paper tries to break the conventional thinking and explore the thinking rules of analogical cognition in a more open and original way.