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企业为何选择劳务外包——基于经济政策不确定性的解释 被引量:4

Why Do Companies Choose Labor Outsourcing:An Explanation Based on Economic Policy Uncertainty
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摘要 劳务外包是近年来备受企业青睐的一种灵活用工方式。尽管实践中劳务外包的市场规模呈现迅速扩张趋势,却鲜有研究对其成因展开分析。本文通过手工整理上市公司披露的劳务外包信息,发现经济政策不确定性会导致企业更多地选择劳务外包,且上述现象在民营企业中更加显著。进一步地,本文利用自然语言处理方法,从宏观、行业和企业三个层面构建不确定性指标,发现与企业自身和行业的不确定性相比,宏观层面的不确定性更可能导致企业选择劳务外包;通过区分劳务外包的业务水平发现,经济政策不确定性更可能导致企业采用劳务外包来完成低端业务而非高端业务。异质性检验发现,当企业的调整成本较高时,经济政策不确定性更可能导致企业选择劳务外包;而企业在产品市场上更稳定的客户关系、较高的议价能力以及政府对企业的政策支持有助于降低经济政策不确定性对企业劳务外包的影响。本文还发现,当经济政策不确定性较高时,企业通过劳务外包能够提高生产效率、缓解劳动力成本刚性,但同时可能挤出对低学历员工的用工需求,造成劳务外包人员遭受不平等待遇等问题。 Labor outsourcing is a special form of labor division that allows companies to outsource repetitive,non-core activities to third-party labor contractors,thereby focusing their core resources and efforts on core business activities.The fundamental characteristic of labor outsourcing is that it helps enterprises convert long-term employment decisions into short-term employment contracts,which is reflected in increased employment flexibility and reduced labor costs.These two features make labor outsourcing a more effective employment option when dealing with uncertain market conditions.In practice,the increase in labor outsourcing is closely related to economic policy uncertainty.Economic policy uncertainty leads to the inability of firms to form consistent and stable expectations about the future decision-making environment,hence a decline in firms'demand for long-term employment.Therefore,this paper attempts to explain the logic of the abnormal boom in the labor outsourcing market in recent years from the perspective of increased economic policy uncertainty.By manually collecting the labor outsourcing information disclosed in the annual reports of listed companies from 2012 to 2021,this paper finds that economic policy uncertainty makes firms be inclined to opt for labor outsourcing,which is more significant among private firms.Furthermore,this paper uses natural language processing to construct uncertainty indicators at the macro,industry,and enterprise levels,and finds that compared with the uncertainty of enterprises and the industry,the uncertainty at the macro level is more likely to lead enterprises to choose labor outsourcing.Meanwhile,by distinguishing the business level of labor outsourcing,this paper finds that enterprises tend to outsource low-end rather than high-end business when confronted with economic policy uncertainty.The heterogeneity test shows that economic policy uncertainty is more likely to lead to labor outsourcing in firms with higher adjustment costs,while stable customer relationships in the product market,higher bargaining power,and government's policy support help to reduce the impact of economic policy uncertainty on firms'labor outsourcing.Finally,the paper finds that when economic policy uncertainty is high,labor outsourcing can improve productivity and reduce labor cost rigidity.However,it may crowd out the demand for low-skilled labor and create unequal treatment among outsourced workers.The policy implications of this study are as follows.The government should maintain the stability and consistency of economic policy expectations and protect vulnerable groups by reducing the risk of uncertainty for enterprises.It should also be cautious about the double-edged sword effect of labor outsourcing as a flexible short-term employment method on workers'rights and interests.In addition,the institutional design of labor relations in laws and regulations needs to balance the protection of employers'interests with the rights and interests of vulnerable groups,and strengthen the standardized management of employers and outsourcing firms.The contributions of this paper are as follows.Theoretically,this paper provides an economic explanation for firms to choose labor outsourcing,a hot social phenomenon,from the perspective of real options theory,enriching existing literature on economic policy uncertainty and corporate behavior from the perspective of labor decision-making.In terms of data,unlike previous studies that used estimated data on corporate outsourcing,this paper obtains precise data by manually collating relevant data from the annual reports of listed companies,providing a rare research opportunity to quantify corporate labor outsourcing behavior directly.
作者 杨国超 魏爽 院茜 龚强 YANG Guo-chao;WEI Shuang;YUAN Xi;GONG Qiang(School of Accounting,Zhongnan University of Economics and Law;Wenlan School of Business,Zhongnan University of Economics and Law)
出处 《中国工业经济》 CSSCI 北大核心 2023年第9期136-154,共19页 China Industrial Economics
基金 国家社会科学基金重点项目“基于自然语言处理方法的上市公司ESG‘漂绿’现象识别及其治理机制研究”(批准号22AGL013) 国家社会科学基金重点项目“促进数字经济与实体经济深度融合的理论机制与实现路径研究”(批准号23AZD029) 国家自然科学基金面上项目“金融科技创新与监管的机制设计研究”(批准号72073146)。
关键词 劳务外包 经济政策不确定性 用工灵活性 劳动力成本刚性 labor outsourcing economic policy uncertainty employment flexibility labor cost rigidity
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