4~6世纪北方游牧民族族源叙事中的“华夏认同”——以铁弗匈奴、拓跋鲜卑、柔然为例

Chinese Identity in the Ethnic Origin Narrative of the Northern Nationalities in the 4th~6th Century——Take Tiefu Huns,Tuoba Xianbei and Rouran

4~6世纪北方游牧民族在追述自身族源时,往往将本族先祖归入到黄帝之后、大禹之裔的谱系之下,体现出对“华夏”的认同。铁弗匈奴王族强调本族的始祖是大禹,《魏书·序记》开篇追溯拓跋鲜卑先祖是黄帝之子昌意的后裔,柔然在给南齐的国书中自称“皇芮”,提出“光复中华”的口号。这种叙事模式是史官在司马迁“汉匈同祖”理念的基础上对北方游牧民族族源传说的阐释,其核心内涵“华夷同源”反映出魏晋南北朝时期我国北方各族在“华夏认同”基础上进一步交融的客观事实。

In the 4th to 6th century,when tracing their own origins,the northern nomads often classified their ancestors under the lineage of the descendants of Dayu and Yellow Emperor,reflecting their identification with Huaxia.Tiefu Huns insisted that their ancestor was Dayu.The preface of Wei Shu traces that Tuoba Xianbei's ancestors were descendants of Changyi,the son of the Yellow Emperor.Rouran called himself Huang Rui in his credentials to the Southern Qi and put forward the slogan of Rehabilitating China.This narrative mode is the historian's interpretation of the origin legend of the northern nomads on the basis of Sima Qian's idea of the same ancestors of Han and Huns,its core connotation of Huayi homology reflects the objective fact that all ethnic groups in northern China further blended on the basis of Huaxia identity in the period of Wei Jin,Southern and Northern Dynasties.