实然与应然:民事债权人行政诉讼原告资格问题之检视

Actual and Contingent: A Review of the Qualification of Plaintiffs of Civil Creditors inAdministrative Litigation

为解决行政诉讼中原告“利害关系”的判断问题,最高人民法院借助保护规范理论确定主观公权利的状态,却因法律概念的不确定性饱受诟病。由于基础性实体权利义务关系并无争议,民事债权人权利的保护有且只有通过行政救济来实现。行政场域下,原告资格的认定属于合法性审查阶段的实质性判断,理应重视相关条款的消极功能,以避免当事人滥用诉权。实际上,民事债权人原告资格的判断可以从“利害关系”一般条款之法理出发,站在“信赖利益”“期待利益”的角度,考虑对行政机关的注意义务作出具体化、类型化的处理。

In order to solve the problem of determining the plaintiff's"interest relationship"in administrative litigation,the Supreme People's Court used the theory of protection norms to determine the state of subjective public rights,but it has been criticized due to the uncertainty of legal concepts.Due to the undisputed relationship between fundamental substantive rights and obligations,the protection of civil creditor rights can only be achieved through administrative remedies.In the administrative field,the determination of the plaintiff's qualification belongs to the substantive judgment of the legality review stage,and it is necessary to attach importance to the negative function of relevant clauses to avoid the parties'abuse of litigation rights.In fact,the judgment of the plaintiff's qualification for civil creditors can be based on the legal principle of the general clause of"interest relationship",and from the perspective of"trust interest"and"expected interest",consider making specific and classified treatment of the duty of care of administrative organs.