事后防卫的实践认定与理论重构——基于234个案例的类型化分析

Practical Identification and Theoretical Reconstruction of Afterwards Defense——Based on the Typological Analysis of 234 Cases

对于事后防卫,司法实践当中绝大多数的案件直接以“故意犯罪”定罪处罚,但是这种处理方式混淆了事后防卫与正当防卫的界限。对此应当以事后防卫案件的类型化分析为基点,采取防卫人视角与量的防卫过当理论对事后防卫理论进行重构。防卫人视角下的“事后”指的是不法侵害人对防卫人所产生的精神与事实上的持续性压迫状态的结束,因此“即时反击型”与“夺下武器反击型”防卫只能成立“正当防卫”或是“质的防卫过当”;而“量的防卫过当”认为可以将反击行为和追击行为视为一个整体的防卫行为,使得“倒地追击型”防卫有成立“量的防卫过当”的空间;只有“事后报复型”、“逃离追击型”以及“被害人被控制追击型”才是真正的“事后防卫”。

For afterwards defense,the vast majority of cases in judicial practice are directly convicted and punished as"intentional crimes",which confuses the boundary between"afterwards defense"and"legitimate defense".Therefore,based on the typological analysis of afterwards defense cases,the theory of afterwards defense should be reconstructed by adopting the"defender's perspective"and the"the theory of excessive defense of quantity"."Post-event",from the defender's perspective,refers to the end of the mental and continuous factual oppression of the defender by the unlawful encroachment,so the"immediate counterattack"and"weapon-seizure defense"can only be established as"legitimate defense"or"excessive defense";the counterattack behavior and pursuit behavior in the"falling pursuit"defense can be evaluated as a defensive behavior in an integrated manner,so it can be established as"excessive defense of quantity";only"post-incident revenge","escape pursuit"and"victim controlled pursuit"are the real"afterwards defense".