缘何“口述”,何以成“史”?——口述史的立场、问题意识与明暗线

Why"Oral"and How to Make"History"?Oral History's Methodological Position,Problem Consciousness,and Explicit and Implicit Expressions

口述史作为近年备受关注的跨学科方法之一,其立意从原初就带有了与性别研究和底边社会研究的亲缘性:对长久以来以男性为中心的文献记载的不满,激发了记录包括不同阶层女性在内的被忽视的亲历者声音的“口述”,朝向补充甚至重写“历史”、推动性别与阶层色彩凸显的普通人生活的在场。本文从口述史的这一根本立意出发,结合教学和侧重性别议题的实地案例,从方法立场、选题的问题意识、口述过程与呈现中的明暗线三个层次展开分析;在对“为什么做口述史”的辨析中,探讨“如何做口述史”。旨在通过对立意的回溯和辨析,推动切实的口述实践,包括如何展开对谈,梳理主线,通过辅助文献、“按语”和注释更好地呈现明暗线,以及在更宽的方法谱系中积极尝试具体之“术”的超越与整合;最终,促进包括女性在内的诸多人群更为真实与丰富的在场与呈现。

As one of the most popular interdisciplinary research methods in recent years,oral history has its close relationship with gender studies and marginal society study from the start:dissatisfaction with the existing historical records with strong male perspective,and focuses on the voices of neglected and subordinate social groups including women,towards enriching and even re-writing history,and facilitates better social existence of these people.Starting from the questions and reflections arising from teaching and research practices,combined with field cases with gender perspective,this paper traces back to this key methodological standpoint of oral history,and re-examines its methodological position,problem consciousness in selecting topics and interviewees,interview process and explicit and implicit expressions in final writing.By discussing"why to do oral history",this paper tries to partly respond to"how to do oral history".The analysis of original methodological standpoints and characteristics of oral history is not only important to better understanding of the significance of this method,but also be insightful to promote practical process in doing oral history and better presenting the findings,including how to organize the key body of an oral history,and how to better using notes and annotations to dialogue with existing records,and finally,toward better presentation of such social groups like women.