农田栽参后对土壤理化性质及玉米氮素吸收利用的影响

Effects of Ginseng Cultivation in Farmland on Soil Physicochemical Properties and Maize Plants Nitrogen Uptake

【目的】评价人参栽培后对农田土壤质量以及后茬玉米生长发育的影响。【方法】采用田间定位试验,在吉林省人参主产区白山市抚松县北岗、大方、抽水以及靖宇等地的4个试验点,以普通农田为对照,对参后地农田土壤耕层主要理化性状、玉米干物质积累和氮素吸收利用进行分析。【结果】参后地农田10~20 cm、20~30 cm深度土壤容重范围为1.25~1.43 g/cm3,显著低于对照,而垄台与垄沟耕层厚度平均分别为31.40、16.94 cm,分别比对照提高89.60%~93.55%与39.59%~56.52%。对于耕层土壤养分,4个试验点参后地农田土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效钾含量较对照相应分别提高6.18%~38.99%、2.68%~12.64%、6.62%~42.90%与6.39%~40.54%。此外,参后地农田土壤pH范围在4.81~6.82之间,与对照相比,其土壤酸化趋势得到改善。与对照相比,除靖宇外其余3个试验点参后地农田玉米单株植株干物质积累量分别提高14.70%、11.19%与10.32%,籽粒产量增加8.56%~14.08%,而单位面积有效穗数增加是参后地玉米籽粒产量提高的主要原因。参后地农田玉米叶片和籽粒等器官氮含量均显著高于对照,最终整株玉米籽粒氮吸收量比对照提高13.60%~26.08%。相关与回归分析表明,玉米干物质积累量与土壤速效氮以及有机质含量呈显著正相关,土壤全氮含量与籽粒氮浓度呈显著线性关系。【结论】农田栽参后显著改善了农田耕层土壤养分状况,增加耕层厚度,降低土壤紧实度,利于后茬玉米生长,特别是参后地农田氮水平提升有利于后茬玉米产量提升以及土壤氮吸收利用。

【Objective】The study aims to investigate the impact of ginseng cultivation on soil quality improvement and plant growth and development of subsequent maize planting.【Method】Field experiments were conducted at four experimental sites of Beigang,Dafang,Choushui and Jingyu in Fusong County of Baishan City,Jilin Province.The physicochemical properties of the topsoil layer,dry matter accumulation of maize plants,as well as nitrogen uptake and utilization were investigated under two different farmland utilization methods,namely normal farmland(NF,as control)and improved farmland by ginseng planting(IFGP).【Result】The soil bulk density under soil depth layer of 10-20 cm and 20-30 cm under treatment of IFGP was ranged from 1.25 to 1.43 g/cm3,which was significantly lower than that of the control(NF).The averaged thickness topsoil layer in the position of the ridge and furrow was 31.4 cm and 16.94 cm,which were 89.6%-93.55%and 39.59%-56.52%higher than the NF,respectively.For the nutrients content in the topsoil,the organic matter,total nitrogen,alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen,and available potassium content in the four experimental sites were increased by 6.18%-38.99%,2.68%-12.64%,6.62%-42.90%,and 6.39%-40.54%under treatment of IFGP,respectively,compared to NF.In addition,the range of soil pH in the treatment of IFGP was 4.8-6.82,which significantly improved the trend of soil acidification compared to NF.Compared with NF,except for the result of Jingyu,the dry matter accumulation of maize plants in the other three experimental sites were increased by 14.70%,11.19%,and 10.32%,respectively.The increase in maize grain yield was ranged from 8.56%to 14.08%,and the increase mainly due to the increase in effective ears per unit area.The nitrogen(N)content in organs such as leaves and grains in maize plants at harvesting stage under treatment of IFGP was significantly higher than that of NF,resulting in 13.60%-26.08%increase of total N absorption of whole maize in IFGP as compared to the NF.Correlation and regression analysis showed that the dry matter accumulation in maize plants was positively correlated with soil available nitrogen and organic matter content,and a significant linear relationship between soil total nitrogen content and grain N concentration were also observed.【Conclusion】IFGP treatment can significantly improve the nutrient status,increase the thickness of the topsoil layer,reduce the soil compaction,which is benefit to the growth and development of post maize.In addition,the increase in N levels in farmland after ginseng cultivation is conducive to the increase in maize yield and soil N absorption and utilization.