考试违法行为行政处理的类型化探析

The Typification Research about Administrative Treatment on Exam Illegal Acts

考试违法行为的行政处理形式多样。司法实务的认定存在不统一、不准确的问题,学术研究亦存在明显短板。明确其法律属性是准确适用法律、推进依法治考、维护法治统一、保障考生权利的现实需要。取消成绩因适用的情形不同分别属于行政处罚和行政确认;撤销考试授益性处理是行政行为的自我纠正;限制报考、延迟毕业属于行政处罚中的行为罚;终止参加考试应视为“保安处分”;取消本次考试资格分别具有行政许可的撤销和保安处分的属性;考试失信约束惩戒措施不是行政处罚,宜定义为一种新型行政监管方式。

The administrative treatment of the illegal acts of examination has various forms and changes.The identification on judicial practice is not uniform and inaccurate,and the academic research has obvious shortcomings.Clarifying its legal attributes is the realistic need of accurately applying the law,promoting exam governance according to law,maintaining the unity of the rule of law,and protecting the rights of examinees.Score cancelling respectively belongs to administrative penalty and administrative confirmation according to its applicable situation.The revocation of beneficial administrative should be regarded as administrative self-correction act.Examination attending limit and graduation delay should be regarded as the conduct administrative penalty.Termination of attending examination should be regarded as security guarantee measures.Cancelling the qualification of examination respectively belongs to revocation of administrative licensing and security guarantee measures.Exam credit administrative discipline is not an administrative penalty.It can be defined as a new administrative supervision act.