司法权与行政权的关系转向:以美国气候诉讼为视角

On Shift in the Relationship between Judicial and Executive Power: A Perspective on Climate Litigation in the United States of America

随着气候变化危机加剧,气候诉讼成为推动各国气候监管制度变革的重要渠道,司法权与行政权之关系是世界范围内气候诉讼的核心命题。目前美国气候诉讼案例数量最多,自20世纪以来,美国通过系列气候诉讼案例,在司法审查基础上确立了行政权与司法权相对平衡的稳定关系。应对复杂的气候变化对行政权提出了前所未有的挑战,气候诉讼成为美国司法权与行政权关系转向的契机。从美国气候诉讼案例来看,行政权与司法权目前形成了3种关系模式:回避模式、限制模式与补足模式。司法机关或以“政治问题原则”为核心回避审理,或对行政机关自由裁量范围作出一定限制,或补足气候变化行政应对行为的合法性、合理性。回避模式源于“三权分立”下的司法克制,限制模式则以成熟的司法审查为基础,补足模式仍处于探索之中。以司法权与行政权关系为主线探究美国气候诉讼,厘清其诉讼特征、法律工具、权能边界,可为我国气候诉讼的发展方向提供借鉴。实现气候诉讼的中国化,对气候诉讼应以狭义范围限定,且无须单独为其设计诉讼程序。司法权应为行政权指明气候应对方向、形成气候法律责任,避免介入行政权实质范畴。

With the intensification of the climate change crisis,climate litigation has become an important channel to promote changes in the climate regulatory system of various countries,and the relationship between judicial power and executive power is the core proposition of climate litigation worldwide.At present,the United States has the largest number of climate litigation cases.Since the 20th century,it has established a relatively balanced and stable relationship between executive power and judicial power through a series of climate litigation cases,based on judicial reviews.Climate change has posed unprecedented challenges to the executive power,while climate litigation has become an opportunity of shift in the relationship.From view of the U.S.climate litigation cases,three modes of relationship have taken shape between the executive power and the judicial power:the avoidance mode,the restriction mode,and the complementary mode.The judiciary either avoids the trial with the"political problem principle"as the core,or puts certain limitations on the scope of the executive′s discretion or supplements the legitimacy and reasonableness of the executive′s behavior in response to climate change.The avoidance mode stems from judicial restraint under the"separation of powers",the restriction mode is based on mature judicial review,and the complementary mode is still being explored.The relationship between judicial power and executive power is the main line of inquiry into U.S.climate litigation.Clarifying its litigation characteristics,legal tools,and power boundaries can provide a reference for the development of China′s climate litigation,and realize the Chinization of climate litigation.Climate litigation should be limited to a narrow scope,and there is no need to design a separate litigation procedure for it.Judicial power should point out the direction of climate response for executive power,form climate legal responsibility,and avoid interfering with the substantive scope of executive power.