青藏高原县域交通优势度-自然环境承载-社会经济需求关系评估

Relationship between the transport superiority, natural environmental carryingcapacity, and socio‑economic demand of counties on the Qinghai‑Tibet Plateau

交通是人地关系地域系统的重要构成,在区域发展进程中具有复杂的影响与作用。作为世界典型的大尺度生态环境脆弱区,青藏高原地区的交通设施建设需在保护与发展的权衡中综合判断。该研究尝试基于多源数据,围绕青藏高原交通设施体系、自然生态系统、人类社会系统开展实证,辨析其中的关系及寻求适应性的优化。结果表明:①交通优势度以西宁的城西区等市辖区为高值核心,沿青藏高原东北部边缘形成优势带;西藏形成围绕拉萨的中心-外围结构,限于区位方面的劣势,拥有机场的边远区县也不具备明显的交通优势。②自然环境承载与社会经济需求的空间分布特征相反,如中西部区县自然环境承载较强但社会经济需求水平低,多数县域自然环境承载得分趋低,而当前社会经济需求较低的县未来出行需求或较快增长。以上趋势值得关注。③交通优势度与自然环境承载、社会经济需求虽整体呈正相关性,但2015年36个、2020年28个县三个维度的得分具有中度以上的结构性差异,交通与地域之间的关系有待协调。据此,提出政策建议:交通发展较好、结构性差异不大的县域应关注交通“提质”,但也应规避大规模新建交通带来的潜在生态环境胁迫;对于边境等“供不应求”的县域应完善高等级交通干线、改善路网衔接、发展通用航空运输来满足居民出行、边境点轴开发及国土凝聚的需求。该研究期望为青藏高原全域及相关县域交通发展与规划布局提供参考,有助于实现青藏高原等大尺度生态脆弱区的交通与地域相适应、保护与发展相协同的双赢。

Transport is an important component of the territorial system of human-environment interaction and has a complex impact on the process of regional development.The transport construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,a typical large-scale fragile ecological environment area in the world,needs to be comprehensively assessed in an effort to balance protection and development.Based on the multi-source data,this study empirically examined the relationship between the transport infrastructure system,natural ecosystem,and human social system of the plateau in order to seek adaptable means of optimization.The results showed that:①The transport superiority degree was centered on districts of Xining,such as Chengxi District,and presented a high-value belt along the northeast edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.In Tibet,the distribution pattern of transport superiority formed a center-periphery structure around Lhasa.Besides,due to their remote location,some counties showed transport inferiority,though they might already have built large-scale infrastructure such as airports.②The spatial distribution characteristics of natural environmental carrying capacity were opposite to those of socio-economic demand.The central and western counties in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau had higher scores of natural environmental carrying capacity but lower scores of socio-economic demand.There were two noteworthy trends:the level of natural environmental carrying capacity in most counties tended to be lower,while many counties with low social-economic demand might grow rapidly in the future.③There was a positive correlation between transport superiority and natural environmental carrying capacity,as well as between transport superiority and socio-economic demand.However,the coordination of the relationship between transport and region in many counties needed to be improved,especially for those with moderate or above structural differences(36 counties in 2015 and 28 counties in 2020).Therefore,policy recommendations are proposed that counties with better transport superiority should pay attention to quality improvement of relevant infrastructure and avoid additional ecological stress.Some border counties with inadequate transport superiority should speed up the construction of high-grade transport trunk lines,improve the connection of road networks,develop general air transport to meet the travel needs of residents,and promote the point-axis development of border areas to improve territorial cohesion.On the basis of the above conclusions,it is hoped that this paper could provide a reference for the coordinated development and mutually beneficial situation between transport and regional development and the protection and development of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and other large-scale ecologically fragile areas.