积极老龄化视阈下脱贫地区乡村老年农户可持续生计研究——融合个体空间的路径探析

Sustainable Livelihood of Rural Elderly Farmers in Poverty Alleviation Areas from the Perspective of Active Aging:Analysis of the Path for Integrating Individual and Spatial Perspectives

采用半结构访谈和扎根理论方法,以古丈县为案例地,通过融合个体空间路径分析该地区老年农户可持续生计机制。研究发现,面对快速城镇化带来的年轻劳动力外流和空心化,大量该地区乡村老年农户在养老多元福利供给不足、医养服务设施供应短缺和代际关系转型的现实背景下,面临乡村养老结构制约与老人农业理性选择的生计异质性困境。基于脱贫地区乡村社会网络优势在“健康”“参与”“保障”3个积极老龄化维度下,根据老年农户不同生命周期的主体行为需求差异,提出多层次年龄结构与多元化城乡要素双向流动下的老年农户可持续生计路径:1)在农户个体层面,根据老年农户的个体生计行为和生计资本随生命周期变化,动态调整相应的福利来源和生计方式;2)在场域空间层面,通过第六产业一体化发展的现代要素介入,建立应对老龄化的乡村市场产业配套;3)在地域空间层面,根据乡村老年农户社会圈层结构,重构生产、生活、生态适老化生计圈。

The phenomenon of population aging has become an important issue affecting the sustainable economic and social development of China's countryside,but few studies exist within the academic community on the sustainable livelihoods of rural elderly farmers in areas of poverty alleviation.Based on a 2022 field survey in Guzhang County,Hunan Province,this study examined the sustainable livelihood pathways of elderly rural farmers in these areas through non-participant observations,semi-structured interviews,and grounded theory methods of textual analysis.Study findings show that in the face of rural hollowing out caused by the outflow of the young labor force due to rapid urbanization,a large number of rural elderly farmers in poverty alleviation areas are facing the livelihood dilemma of rural pension structure constraints and the rational choice of agriculture.The background for this situation involves the insufficiency of the original pension model and multiple welfare sources,a shortage of medical and health service facilities,and the transformation of intergenerational relations.Therefore,based on the advantages of rural social networks in poverty alleviation areas in the three active aging dimensions of health,participation,and guarantee,this paper presents a sustainable livelihood research paradigm in which the individual,rural,and socioeconomic networks and rural production-living-ecological space of elderly farmers in poverty alleviation areas coordinate with each other.The paper also introduces a logical framework for the sustainable livelihood of elderly farmers that is consistent with the goal of rural revitalization through the thrust of nearby urbanization.Specific sustainable livelihood paths integrating individual spaces include the following:1)at the individual level,through the individual livelihood behavior and livelihood capital of elderly farmers dynamically adjusting to the corresponding sources of welfare and livelihood modes with changes in the life cycle,2)at the field space level,through the sixth industry,integrated development of modern factors intervening in the establishment of rural market industrial support to cope with aging,and 3)at the territorial space level,according to the rural elderly.The social circle structure of rural households is used to reshape the living,production,and ecological aging life circle.This study analyzed the sustainable livelihood paths of rural elderly farmers in poverty alleviation areas from individual to spatial perspectives The findings provide a theoretical basis and practical references for the revitalization of rural people in these areas in the era of rapid aging.