农复会早期土地改革经验与美国冷战土改政策关系研究——兼论对1950年代中国台湾土地改革的影响

A Study on the Relationship between the Early Land Reform Experience of the JCRR and the Cold War Land Reform Policy of the United States,with a Focus on the Impact on China Taiwan's Land Reform in the 1950s

根据1948年援华法案成立的特殊美援机构农复会,在其成立之初,由于自身的“技术路线”属性,加上同期美援政策的影响,并未在土改方面有任何实际行动。1949年初,受美国对华政策调整和中外舆论影响,农复会开始将土改的重要性提到所有工作之首。南京解放后,农复会为配合美国新出台的“第四点计划”,有意将自己打造为美国农业援外的“典范”,于是选择从易于推行的减租入手,在尚处于国民党控制下的四川等地推行大规模的减租计划。中国内地工作结束后,农复会一方面通过对早期工作经验和援外模式的总结,成为美国在东南亚实施“第四点计划”的重要参考模式。另一方面,通过美国土改问题专家雷正琪,农复会的早期土改经验与美国针对第三世界的土改政策联系起来。特别是还在继续进行的中国台湾土改,不仅为政策形成提供了经验价值,更成为政策出台后最有希望成功推进的案例。美国、农复会以及国民党当局都有意将中国台湾土改打造成亚洲土改的“模范生”。通过考察农复会早期与美国外交政策、特别是“第四点计划”的互动,以及迁台后中国台湾土改与美国土改政策的互动,可以发现中国台湾土改与美国的外交政策之间存在非常复杂的互动关系,既有对中国台湾土改的研究或许低估了美国因素的作用。

Established by the 1948 China Aid Act,a special U.S.aid organization,the JCRR,did not take any practical action in land reform at the beginning of its inception due to its"technological route"nature and the impact of U.S.aid policies during the same period.At the beginning of 1949,influenced by the adjustment of U.S.policies towards China and that of domestic and foreign public opinion,the JCRR began to prioritize the importance of land reform in all of its programs.After the liberation of Nanjing,in order to cooperate with the newly introduced"Point Four Program"by the United States,the JCRR intended to become a"model"for American agricultural technology aid.Therefore,the JCRR chose to start with rent reduction program and implemented large-scale rent reduction program in areas such as Sichuan that had not yet been liberated.After the completion of Chinese mainland programs,the JCRR became an important reference model for the United States to implement the"Point Four Program"in Southeast Asia by summarizing its early experience and foreign aid model.On the other hand,through the American land reform expert Ladejinsky,the early land reform experience of the JCRR was linked to the United States'land reform policy towards the Third World,especially the ongoing land reform in China Taiwan,which not only provided empirical value for policy formation,but also became the most promising case for successful promotion after the policy was introduced.The United States,the JCRR,and the Kuomintang all intended to make China Taiwan's land reform a"model student"of Asian land reforms.By examining the early interaction between the JCRR and U.S.foreign policy,especially the"Point Four Program",as well as the interaction between China Taiwan's land reform and U.S.land reform policy after 1949,this paper finds that there is a very complex interactive relationship between China Taiwan's land reform and U.S.foreign policy.Existing studies on China Taiwan's land reform may have underestimated the impact of U.S.factors.