有机肥等养分替代化肥对椪柑产量品质影响的初步研究

A Preliminary Study on Effect of Organic Fertilizer and Other Nutrients Replacing Chemical Fertilizer on Yield and Quality of Ponkan

【目的】通过等量氮磷钾施肥条件下有机肥部分替代化肥对椪柑果实产量品质形成的初步研究,提出基于产量品质形成的适宜有机肥替代量,为柑橘优质生产化肥减量与有机肥增施提供理论依据。【方法】以15年生枳砧台湾椪柑(Citrus reticulata Blanco cv.Ponkan)为试验材料,设置FP(单施化肥)、T1(有机替代率为N10%、P25%、K18%)、T2(有机替代率为N20%、P51%、K36%)、T3(有机替代率为N30%、P76%、K54%)等4个施肥处理,研究等量氮磷钾施肥条件下有机肥替代化肥对椪柑果实产量品质形成的影响。【结果】(1)椪柑秋梢老熟开始至果实成熟采收时,各处理的椪柑果实横径先快速增加后缓慢增加至趋于平稳,果实硬度前期快速降低后缓慢降低,果皮厚度先缓慢增加后相对快速增加再呈基本稳定不变趋势;果实成熟采收时,T2处理的果实横径达最大,比FP增加了2.5%;T3处理的产量最高,比FP处理高26.6%;有机肥替代处理的果实硬度平均比FP降低了3.0%;有机肥替代处理的果皮厚度平均比FP降低了4.8%。(2)与FP相比,采收时各有机肥替代处理的果实可溶性固形物(TSS)含量增加了3.3%,可滴定酸(TA)含量降低了4.4%,维生素C(VC)含量增加了4.1%,且均以T2处理的相对最好。(3)12月中旬果实生长发育指标的拟合曲线表明,果实横径、硬度均与维生素C(VC)含量呈正相关,果皮厚度与果实可滴定酸(TA)呈正相关、与果实维生素C(VC)呈负相关,且均以T2处理最优;主成分分析表明,在等量氮磷钾施用条件下,各处理的综合得分高低顺序为T2>T1>T3>FP。【结论】适量有机肥替代化肥促进了椪柑果实生长,降低了果实硬度和果皮厚度,改善了果实内在品质,各指标主成分分析及综合评分以T2处理相对最佳。

[Objective]Through the preliminary study on the yield and quality of ponkan fruits by partial replacement of chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizers under the condition of equal amount of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilization,a suitable amount of organic fertilizers replacement based on the yield and quality was proposed to provide theoretical basis for the reduction of chemical fertilizers and the increase of organic fertilizers for the quality production of ponkan.[Method]Using 15-year-old Taiwan Ponkan(Citrus reticulata Blanco cv.Ponkan)grafted on Poncirus trifoliata(L.)as the test material,four fertilization treatments were designed,including FP(single application of chemical fertilizer),T1(organic substitution rate of N10%,P25%,K18%),T2(organic substitution rate of N20%,P51%,K36%)and T3(organic substitution rate of N30%,P76%,K54%),to study the effect of organic fertilizer substitution of chemical fertilizers on the formation of yield and quality of ponkan fruits under the condition of equal amount of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizers.[Result](1)From the beginning of shoot ripening in autumn to the harvest of fruit,the transverse diameter of ponkan fruits in each treatment first increased rapidly and then increased slowly to stabilize,the hardness of fruits decreased rapidly in the early stage and then decreased slowly,and the thickness of the skin first increased slowly and then increased rapidly,which showed a basically stable and unchanged trend;at the time of harvesting and ripening of the fruits,the transverse diameter of fruits in the T2 treatment reached the maximum,which was increased by 2.5% compared with FP;T3 treatment had the highest yield,which was 26.6% higher than FP treatment;the average hardness of fruit in organic fertilizer substitution treatment was 3.0% lower than FP;the average thickness of fruit skin in organic fertilizer substitution treatment was 4.8% lower than FP.(2)Compared with FP,fruit soluble solids(TSS)content was increased by 3.3%,titratable acid(TA)content decreased by 4.4%,and vitamin C(VC)content increased by 4.1% in each of the organic fertilizer substitution treatments at harvest,and all of them were the best under the T2 treatment(3)The fitting curves of fruit growth and development indexes in mid-December showed that fruit transverse diameter and hardness were positively correlated with vitamin C(VC)content,and peel thickness was positively correlated with fruit titratable acid(TA)and negatively correlated with fruit vitamin C(VC),and all of them were optimal under the T2 treatment.The principal component analysis showed that,under the condition of equal amount of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium application,the comprehensive scores of the treatments were in the following order:T2>T1>T3>FP.[Conclusion]The appropriate amount of organic fertilizer instead of chemical fertilizer promoted the growth of ponkan fruit,reduced the fruit hardness and peel thickness,and improved the intrinsic quality of the fruit.The principal component analysis and comprehensive score of each index was relatively the best under T2 treatment.