国际法中善意协商义务的适用方法研究——基于国际法院实践样本的分析

The Study on the Application Methods of Obligation of Negotiation in Good Faith under International La--Sampled on Practices of International Court of Justice

善意协商义务作为和平解决国际争端这一基本国际法原则的重要组成部分,被多个国际法院案例确认为重要义务甚至具有国际习惯法的地位。但由于善意协商义务天然所具有的模糊性,在国际公约和国际法院案例中,并没有明确列举满足该义务的具体要求和审核标准。在国际法院所有涉及“善意原则”的案例中,有超过60%的案例都涉及善意协商义务,国际法院将其作为最主要的善意原则的具体适用形式。在这些案例中,国际法院不乏前后不一致的观点与立场,但整体来看国际法院在审查国家是否满足善意协商义务时,通常要求当事国应当按照既定的谈判流程真诚而有意义地进行谈判,不可仅仅是走形式,并应当考虑到各方的合理利益并作出相应的妥协与让步,不得无合理理由延迟协商、拒绝沟通并固执己见。在多个案例中的国际法院管辖权确立阶段,国际法院认为满足善意协商义务应当是诉讼前置程序的一项基本要求。另外在有可能涉及他国利益的跨境损害案件中,国际法院要求善意协商义务应具体体现为及时通知利害相关方并及时作出信息共享披露与协商行为。

The obligation of Negotiation in Good Faith is an important part of pacific settlement of international disputes,one of the fundamental principle of international law.In a series of past cases of ICJ,this obligation of negotiation in good faith was recognized as a customary international law.But this obligation is inherently ambiguous,it is necessary to trace to cases of ICJ to find out the requirements to fulfill this obligation.In all the relevant cases of ICJ in terms of good faith,the ICJ apply good faith principle as obligation to negotiate in good faith,and requires states to negotiate genuinely and meaningfully,not merely go through some procedures,must consider other parties legitimate interests and willing to make compromise.In some cases about jurisdiction,ICJ recognized that this obligation is very important and serving as one of the precondition to file case to ICJ.In other cases regarding trans boundary environmental harm,ICJ recognized that this obligation requires states to timely notify and share information with specially affected states.