战国时代新型国家体制建构的几种路径

Several Paths for Constructing a New National System During the Warring States Period

战国时,各国的新型国家体制建构历程呈现出温和、渐进与激进、突变几种路径。以三晋、齐为主的诸侯国,由于是以卿族政治而夺取政权建立的国家,故为了防止权臣执政局面的再现,建构君主集权的官僚体制,采取了温和、渐进式的局部改革道路。这条道路系战国新型国家体制建构的主流路径。而秦国、楚国却因其建国后就一直由公室、公族执政,故其变法既有着“强兵”“争霸”的鲜明目的性,又吸取了三晋改制成果,故在国家体制变革中采取了激进、突变的道路。燕国则因国情差异而成为战国时诸国改革中的一个特例。正是这种情形,使战国时代的各国变法、改制呈现出错综复杂的局面,并为秦王朝的大一统奠定了制度性基础。

During the Warring States Period,the construction process of new national system in various countries showed several paths:mild,gradual,radical,and sudden.The vassal states,mainly the Three Jin and the Qi State,were established by seizing the power based on clan politics.Therefore,in order to prevent the recurrence of the situation of powerful ministers ruling,they adopted mild and gradual partial reforms to build a centralized monarchical bureaucracy.It was the mainstream path for constructing a new national system during the Warring States Period.However,the Qin State and the Chu State have been governed by public offices and clans since their founding.Therefore,their reforms not only had the clear purpose of "strengthening the army" and "striving for hegemony",but also absorbed the achievements of the three Jin Dynasties' restructuring.Therefore,in national system,a radical and sudden path has been taken in the transformation.The Yan State became a special case among the reforms of other countries during the Warring States Period due to differences in national conditions.It was this situation that made the reforms and restructuring of various countries in the Warring States Period complex,and lays the institutional foundation for the unification of the Qin Dynasty.