从屈原《九歌》看中国早期仪式向艺术的演变

The Evolution of Early Chinese Rituals into Art from Qu Yuan's "Jiu Ge"

《国殇》所表现的是以驱疫远疾为目的的“傩祭”或“禓祭”仪式,它的仪式背景要比《九歌》中的其他篇章更为古老。因为《国殇》表现的还只是群体歌舞的痕迹,而其他篇章所表现的仪式已经产生出了明确的人格化的神灵以及依此衍化出的祈祷、献祭等仪式程式,所以《九歌》也体现了巫术仪式向宗教仪式的转变。仪式向艺术的转化开始于仪式信念的动摇,旁观者或观众从仪式参与者中分离出来则是重要标志。《九歌》正是屈原依据真实仪式创作的艺术化的诗歌乐舞,它体现了“现实目的——仪式——艺术”这一发展演变轨迹。

"Guoshang" shows the ritual of "Exorcising Sacrifice" or "Sacrifice to Expelling the Strong Spirits" for the purpose of driving away epidemics and diseases.Its ritual background is older than other chapters in "Jiu Ge".Because "Guoshang" only shows traces of group singing and dancing,while the rituals shown in other chapters have produced clear personalized gods and ritual programs such as prayers and sacrifices derived from them,and "Jiu Ge" also reflects the transformation of magical rituals into religious rituals.The transformation of ritual into art begins with the shaking of ritual beliefs,and an important sign is the separation of bystanders or spectators from ritual participants."Jiu Ge" is an artistic poetry,music and dance created by Qu Yuan based on real rituals.It embodies the development and evolution trajectory of "realistic purpose-ritual-art".