民族史诗唱述音乐探析——以苗族史诗为例

An Analysis of the Singing and Recitation Music of Ethnic Epic Songs:An Example of the Miao Epic

近年来,南方民族史诗唱述音乐引起越来越多音乐学人的关注,且多将其归入仪式音乐范畴进行研究,在一定程度上遮蔽了史诗音乐所具有的某种特性。尽管南方民族史诗唱述与民俗仪式有千丝万缕的联系,但它不等同于仪式音乐。仪式音乐研究关注点是仪式与音乐的关系,将史诗唱述音乐视为单一音乐门类探讨,关注的是史诗与音乐的互文关系,意在揭示史诗唱述音乐的独特性和形态特征。在苗族史诗案例中,葬礼、婚礼、祖先祭祀、天神祭祀及闲暇季节交往等是史诗唱述的主要民俗场景。史诗唱述的音乐形态,首先受制于史诗语言韵律的影响,押韵或押调,抑或是“程式化”反复,音乐旋律与语言节奏相对应;其次史诗唱述音乐与民俗场景、乐器等形成程度不同的互文关系。部分地区器乐曲调蕴含语词表述功能,也是南方民族史诗唱述音乐的特性之一。

In recent years,the singing and recitation music of southern national epic has attracted more and more music scholars'attention,and most of them have classified it into the category of ritual music,which has obscured some characteristics of epic music to some extent.Although the singing and recitation of the southern national epic is inextricably related to the folk ritual,it is not equivalent to the ritual music.The study of ritual music focuses on the relationship between ritual and music,regards epic singing and recitation music as a single category of music and focuses on the intertextuality between epic and music,its aim is to reveal the uniqueness and form characteristics of epic singing and recitation music.In the case of Miao epic,funeral,wedding,ancestor worship,god worship and leisure time communication are the main folk scenes of epic singing and recitation.The musical form of epic singing and recitation is first subject to the influence of epic language rhythm,rhyme or cadence,or"stylized"repetition,the musical melody corresponds to the language rhythm;secondly,the intertextual relationships in different degrees have been formed between epic singing and recitation music,folk scenes and musical instruments.In addition,some regional instrumental tunes contain the function of expression of words,which is also one of the characteristics of the singing and recitation music of southern national epic.