萨特的“自欺”是一种个体现象,还是社会现象?

Is Sartre’s“Bad Faith”an Individual Phenomenon or a Social Phenomenon?

萨特通过对自欺与说谎的具体区分表明,自欺仅是涉及意识之单一性结构的纯粹内在的个体行为;同时,他通过将意识之寻求成为自在-自为或上帝的最初谋划视为一种原始的自欺现象来表明,意识在其内在的存在结构中是一种相关于自在、自身的关系性存在,从而自欺在更大程度上是一种个体现象。但另一方面,萨特用以阐释自欺行为的“初赴约会的女子”和“咖啡馆侍者”这两个经典事例却含蓄地呈现出,自欺有可能是在主体间或社会语境中发生的;而萨特在《存在与虚无》第三卷和第四卷中的相关分析恰恰具体说明了社会或他人因素在构成自欺现象的过程中发挥着关键作用。因此,只有对自欺的个体维度与社会维度之潜在的、可能的内在关联进行考察,才能更全面、更充分地理解自欺。

On the one hand,Sartre makes a specific distinction between bad faith and lying to show that bad faith is only a purely internal individual behavior involving the single structure of consciousness.At the same time,he regards consciousness’s initial project of seeking to become in⁃itself⁃for⁃itself or God as a kind of original phenomenon of bad faith,and shows that consciousness is a relational existence related to in⁃itself and itself in its internal existence structure,so bad faith is an individual phenomenon to a greater extent.On the other hand,the two classic examples Sartre uses to explain bad faith,“a woman on a first date”and“a waiter in a cafe”,implicitly show that bad faith may occur in the intersubjective or social context.However,Sartre’s relevant analysis in the third and fourth volumes of Being and Nothingness precisely illustrates that social or other factors play a key role in the formation of bad faith.On this basis,we try to investigate the potential and possible internal relationship between the individual dimension and the social dimension of bad faith,so as to understand bad faith more comprehensively and fully.