为中华法系“诸法合体”正名——基于对清代《户部则例》的考察

Rectification of Name for“Combination of All Laws”of the Chinese Legal System——Based on the Investigation of the Hubu Statute in the Qing Dynasty

单独以律典研究中国古代法,常会与近现代部门进行比较,也很容易视“诸法合体”为中华法系的“落后”特征,由此掩盖了“诸法”配合的实用功能。《户部则例》是清代各门类法律中重要的法律,它以行政类、经济类法规为主体,民事类、刑事类、军事类法规混杂其间,具有“诸法合体”的特征。其成因除了古今“法律部门”划分依据的不同,还包括乾隆初年法律编纂制度的变化,以及清代“权力集中”“综合治理”的政体特点;不过“诸法合体”并未混淆《户部则例》与《大清律例》《吏部则例》等其他法律的界限,它们各自的面貌、功能显然不同,不同法律分工明确、有效衔接,形成了有机联系的统一整体,也成为展示“诸法”配合发挥功能的典型代表。中华法系“诸法合体”这一特征具有自身的合理性,不能以其缺乏现代性而简单否定。

The study of ancient Chinese law solely based on legal codes often compares them with modern departmental laws,and it is easy to regard the“Combination of all laws”as the“backward”characteristic of the Chinese legal system,thus concealing the practical function of the cooperation of“all laws”.The Hubu Statute was one of the most important laws in various categories of laws during the Qing Dynasty.It takes administrative and economic regulations as the main body,mixed with civil,criminal and military regulations,which has the characteristics of“combination of all laws”.The different basis of the division of“legal departments”in ancient and modern times,as well as changes in the legal codification system in the early years of Qianlong and the features of“concentration of power”and“comprehensive governance”in the Qing Dynasty,were the major reasons for this.However,the“combination of all laws”did not confuse the boundaries between the Hubu Statute and other laws,such as The Great Qing Legal Code and Rules of the Ministry of Officials.Their respective features and functions were clearly distinct,and the division of labor between various laws was clear and effectively connected,which form a unified whole with organic connection and become a typical representative of demonstrating the coordinated function of“all laws combined”.The characteristic of“combination of all laws”of the Chinese legal system has its own rationality and cannot be simply negated by its lack of modernity.