锂离子动力电池安全性研究进展

Research Progress on Safety of Lithium-ion Power Battery

随着电动汽车的大规模应用,因动力电池火灾引起的安全事故呈显著增长趋势。总结了锂离子动力电池热失控机理和产气特性,电池热失控是在外部条件诱发下电池材料发生了不可逆放热反应,并超过了电池自身的热量导出能力,同时在此过程中产生大量气体。综述了正极、负极、电解液、隔膜等电池材料安全性方面的研究进展,电池材料是决定电池安全性的根本因素,通过对电池材料的设计、改性和优化可提升电池安全性能。对比了不同电池热管理技术的优缺点,相变材料冷却效果明显优于传统冷却方式,但要提高热传导能力。对锂离子动力电池安全性研究作了展望,未来保障动力电池安全应从电池材料、热管理、安全控制等多个保护层出发,形成系统化的安全解决方案。

With the large-scale application of electric vehicles,the safety accidents caused by power battery fire show a significant increase trend.The thermal runaway mechanism and gas production characteristics of lithium-ion power battery were summarized.The thermal runaway of battery was an irreversible exothermic reaction of battery material induced by external conditions,and exceeded the heat export capacity of the battery itself,and generated a large amount of gas in the process.The research progress on the safety of battery materials such as positive electrode,negative electrode,electrolyte and separator was reviewed.The battery material was the fundamental factor that determines the safety of battery.The design,modification and optimization of battery material can improve the safety performance of battery.The advantages and disadvantages of different battery thermal management technologies were compared.The cooling effect of phase change materials was obviously better than that of traditional cooling methods,but the heat conduction capacity should be improved.The safety research of lithium-ion power battery was prospected.The safety of power battery should be ensured from battery materials,thermal management,safety control and other protective layers to form a systematic safety solution.