长老政治的幽灵:希伯来先知文学中的占卜书写

The Phantom of Elders Politics:Divinatory Writing in Hebrew Prophetic Literature

先知文学是希伯来经典《塔纳赫》的重要组成部分,其主要编纂者是申命派作者。尽管占卜行为被摩西律法列为禁忌,但其本身源自以色列前王国时期的古老传统,在先知运动中被先知群体广泛使用。申命派作者以先知的占卜活动为书写对象,将其与神谕直接挂钩,使先知在获取神意的有效性上胜过祭司,同时又以神谕为武器,对王国君权进行制约。究其原因,王国时期代表民间传统势力的长老阶层自君主制国家建立以来,便不断被边缘化,他们希望借助先知运动的潮流打破自身的政治与文化困局,因而支持申命派作者借助文学活动展开舆论攻势。

Prophetic literature is a key component of Hebrew classic,Tanakh,which was mainly compiled by the Deuteronomists.Even though divination is regarded as a taboo by Mosaic Law,its origin could be traced back to the pre-monarchic period of Israelite history,and it was widely utilized by the prophets during the “prophetic movement.” The Deuteronomists take divination as their writing object and link it directly to oracle,so as to grant the priority of gaining oracle to the prophets rather than the priests.Meanwhile,they use this priority as a weapon to restrain the monarchical power.The key reason is that the elder class,which had represented the traditional forces among people since the establishment of the monarchy,has been marginalized incessantly.It hopes that by supporting the Deuteronomists to launch their public opinion offensive via literary activities,it would be able to break through its own political and cultural dilemma in the wake of “prophetic movement.”