甲壳动物JAK/STAT信号通路在免疫应答中的功能与调控机制

Advance in the function and regulation mechanism of JAK/STAT signaling pathway in the study of crustacean immune response

先天免疫是宿主抵抗病原感染的第一道防线,在病原的传播和疾病的发展过程中发挥重要的作用。甲壳动物属于无脊椎动物,仅具有先天免疫,而不具备适应性免疫,其主要依靠细胞免疫和体液免疫来实现免疫防御功能,抑制病原体增殖。JAK/STAT途径是调节无脊椎动物免疫反应的主要途径之一,本文主要从细胞因子受体(Dome)、JAK酪氨酸激酶(JAK)、信号传导及转录激活因子(STAT)、调节因子的结构、在宿主体内的表达及发挥的功能等来综述在养殖甲壳动物中JAK/STAT信号通路的研究现状。目前已在对虾、螯虾和蟹等近十种甲壳动物中报道了此通路的元件,而且各元件均具有保守的典型结构域,同类元件在不同种类甲壳生物中的结构有所差异,但是功能基本相似。这些元件均被证实通过调节JAK/STAT通路的信号转导来影响抗病能力。目前仅在凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)中鉴定出JAK/STAT信号通路的所有元件,对其他甲壳动物中剩余元件的鉴定仍有必要,并且甲壳动物JAK/STAT信号通路对其他信号通路的影响还有待深入研究。通过本文希望能为该通路在甲壳动物中调控机制研究提供理论基础和参考。

Innate immunity is not only the first defensive line against pathogen infection,but also the premise and basis of activating acquired immunity,which plays an important role in the spread of pathogens and the development of diseases.The vertebrates can fight off pathogens through innate and adaptive immunity;however the invertebrates can only fight off pathogens through innate immunity.The JAK/STAT signaling pathway is one of the major pathways regulating the immune response of invertebrates.In this paper,the research status of JAK/STAT signaling pathway in cultured crustaceans of the structure,the expression and functions from the cytokine receptor(Dome),JAK tyrosine kinase(JAK),signal transduction and activator of transcription(STAT),and regulatory factors in the host are reviewed.At present,elements of this pathway have been reported in nearly ten species of crustaceans such as shrimp,crayfish,and crab,and each element has a conserved typical domain.Similar elements have different structures in different types of crustaceans,but their functions are basically similar.These elements have been confirmed to affect disease resistance by regulating signal transduction in the JAK/STAT pathway.At present,only all components of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway have been identified in Litopenaeus vannamei.It is still necessary to identify the remaining components in other crustaceans,and the impact of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway on other signaling pathways in crustaceans still needs further research.It is hoped that it can provide theoretical basis and reference for the study of the regulatory mechanism of JAK/STAT signaling pathway in crustaceans.