家国之间:儿童照顾责任观念及影响因素——基于CGSS2006和CGSS2017数据的实证研究

The Concepts and Influencing Factors of Child-Care Responsibility Between the Family and the State:An Empirical Study Basedon CGSS2006 and CGSS2017

在我国老龄化与少子化背景下,儿童照顾问题日益突出,应合理分担政府和家庭的照顾责任。公众福利态度是社会政策制定的重要依据。基于中国综合社会调查(CGSS)2006年和2017年两期数据,研究了中国民众对儿童照顾责任态度的变化及影响因素,为厘清政府与家庭的儿童照顾责任边界,实现儿童照顾责任在家庭和政府间的有效分配提供实证依据。研究表明,自利因素中,老年人、家庭经济地位低、受教育年限长的群体更支持政府承担儿童照顾责任。平等因素中,性别平等观和社会公平感弱的群体更支持政府承担儿童照顾责任。发展因素中,与2006年相比,2017年民众对政府承担儿童照顾责任的认同感显著提升。但从总体上来讲,民众仍然倾向于由个人和家庭承担儿童照顾责任。研究认为,一方面要始终将家庭作为儿童照顾的最基本责任主体,增强家庭照护能力;另一方面,政府也应明确自身在儿童照顾上的责任定位,通过托育服务、收入补充、时间弥补等手段降低儿童照顾成本,并提升民众的社会公平感,同时还要加强对家庭照顾的政策支持。

Under the background of China’s aging population and declining birthrate,the problem of child-care has become increasingly prominent,and the child-care responsibility of the government and the family should be reasonably shared.Public welfare attitude is an important basis for social policy formulation.Based on the data of the China General Social Survey(CGSS)in 2006 and 2017,this paper studies the changes and influencing factors of the Chinese people’s attitude towards child-care responsibility,in order to give empirical basis for clarifying the boundaries and realizing the effective distribution of child-care responsibility between the family and the government.The results of the study show that among self-interest factors,the elderly,families with low economic status,and people with more years of schooling are more supportive of the government’s responsibility to take care of children.Among the factors of equality,people with a weak sense of gender equality and social justice are more supportive of the government’s responsibility to take care of children.In terms of development factors,compared to 2006,the public’s attitudes towards the government’s responsibility for taking care of children significantly increased in 2017.But overall,the public still tends to have individuals and families take on the responsibility of taking care of children.The study believes that,on the one hand,the family remains the most basic unit of child-care,so as to enhance the family’s ability to care.On the other hand,the government should also clarify its own responsibility for child-care,reduce child-care costs and enhance the public’s sense of social justice through childcare services,income supplements,time compensation and other means,and at the same time strengthen policy support for family care.