思辨与实践之间:现代新儒家的哲学观——以冯友兰、熊十力和牟宗三为中心

Between Speculation and Practice:the Philosophical View of Modern Neo-Confucianism——Centered on Feng Youlan,Xiong Shili and Mou Zongsan

理解现代新儒家的哲学观是理解现代新儒学“哲学化重建”的方法基础。现代新儒家的哲学观可以概括为两个典型方向:一是知识性、思辨性的哲学方向,以冯友兰为代表;另一是生命性、实践性的哲学方向,以熊十力、牟宗三为代表。冯友兰主张哲学是严格理智和逻辑下的思议言说的理论系统或知识系统,哲学的目标在于成就思辨之学;熊十力主张本体“非知识所行境界”,哲学是实践的学问而不是知识的“构画”,哲学的目标在于把握终极的生命真实。冯友兰、熊十力之后,牟宗三主张哲学是“实践的智慧学”,以转化生命的成德之“教”收摄思辨性之“学”。从现代之“学”的维度看,“学”与“教”的某种紧张无法彻底消解:哲学是“思辨地面对实践”,无法完全收摄于生命实践;而成德之“教”也不必然依赖于思辨的充分展开。

Understanding the philosophical view of modern neo-Confucianism is the methodological basis for understanding the“philosophical reconstruction”of modern Neo-Confucianism.The philosophy view of modern neo-Confucianism can be summarized into two typical directions:one is the philosophical direction of knowledge and speculation,represented by Feng Youlan,and the other is the philosophy direction of life and practice,represented by Xiong Shili and Mou Zongsan.Feng Youlan claims that philosophy is a theoretical system or knowledge system of speech under strict reason and logic,and the goal of philosophy is to achieve speculative theory.Xiong Shili holds that“ontology”is not the vision of knowledge,that philosophy is the learning of practice rather than the construction of knowledge,and the goal of philosophy is to pursue the ultimate reality of life.Thereafter,Mou Zongsan advocates that philosophy is the“wisdom-learning of practice”,altering the“theoretical system”to become the“teaching of moral cultivation”.From the perspective of modern theoretical or knowledge system,the tension between“speculation”and“teaching”cannot be completely resolved.Philosophy is speculatively practice-related,and it cannot be fully covered in the practice of life.The“teaching of moral cultivation”does not necessarily depend on the full development of speculation.