汉灵帝末期地方州牧制度的重建与效果

The Reconstruction and Effect of the Local Prefectural Animal Husbandry System During the Reign of Emperor Ling of Han

在西汉武帝时,刺史职能仅限于监察。然随中央权力之扩张,刺史始在地方寻求更多利益。光武帝后,刺史获得军权和举荐官之权,且无需赴京师考评,监察权侵蚀行政权,表明中央权力的涣散。州牧废置反复,汉代州牧乃上古时期“想象”的地方最高长官,在多种危机集中爆发之际,灵帝通过州牧制度的重塑,希望强化中央政权在地方的正当性与神圣性。然而,这只是一种应急措施,尽管灵帝并未计划将州牧制度变为常规,但由于急逝,州牧的再建产生相反的效果。州牧的建制并未解决问题,反而促成军阀割据局面的形成,说明应该制定更为稳定、可持续的政策来缓解地方与中央政权之间的矛盾,而非依赖临时措施来解决根本问题。

During the reign of Emperor Wu of Han,prefectural governors' function was limited to supervision.However,with the expansion of the central power,prefectural governors began to seek more benefits in the local areas.After Emperor Guangwu of Han,prefectural governors gained the military power and the right to recommend officials,and even did not need to go to the Capital for evaluation,the supervisory power eroded the administrative power,which showed the slackness of the central power.The prefectural animal husbandry was repeatedly abolished because the prefectural herdsmen in the Han Dynasty were the "imagined" local chief executives even dating back to ancient times.Faced with the outbreak of various crises,Emperor Ling of Han hoped to strengthen the legitimacy and sanctity of the central government in the local areas through the reshaping of the prefectural animal husbandry system.However,this was only an emergency measure.Although Emperor Ling of Han did not plan to make it a regular measure,due to his sudden death,the rebuilding of the prefectural animal husbandry system produced the opposite effect.Instead of finding solutions to the various contradictions,the prefectural animal husbandry system turned centralization into decentralization,which further contributed to the formation of the warlord separatism.This indicated that more stable and sustainable policies should be made to address the problems between the local and central authorities rather than relying on the temporary measures to solve the essential problems.