科学是如何进入美国公立中学的?——亚历山大·巴奇对中学科学教育的贡献

How Science Entered American Public High School?Alexander Bache's Contributions to Science Education in High School

19世纪上半叶的美国,科学对国家和社会发展的重要性日益突出,要求教育涉及更多科学内容的呼声也越来越高。作为在19世纪上半叶促进科学专业化以及科学传播的最重要的人物之一,亚历山大·达拉斯·巴奇通过发展富兰克林研究所、构思吉拉德学院、重组费城中央中学等实践将科学知识推广到美国中等教育中,他设计了一套将道德与科学相结合的教育计划,使学生能够更好地适应工业化社会的需求。巴奇领导下的教育改革使得中央中学成为集教学与研究于一体的新型中等教育机构,中央中学的建设也成为费城公共学校运动的高潮。巴奇更重要的贡献在于,他在美国还全面落后于欧洲的时代,就意识到科学对一个国家的发展的重要性,科学能够实现国家占据领先地位的目标,而教育则是促进国家发展的重要工具,科学教育可以更好地培养国家公民以实现美国工业与文化在世界的后来居上。

The first half of the 19th century in the United States saw the growing importance of science to the development of the nation and society,and calls for education to involve more science.One of the most important figures in promoting the professionalization of science and its diffusion in the first half of the 19th century,Alexander Dallas Bache extended scientific knowledge into American secondary education through the practices of developing the Franklin Institute,conceiving Girard College and reorganizing Central High School in Philadelphia,where he devised an educational program that combined morality and science to better equip students for the demands of an industrialized society.The educational reforms under Bache's leadership made Central High School a new type of secondary educational institution that combined teaching and research,and the establishment of Central High School became the culmination of the common-school movement in Philadelphia.Bache's more important contribution was that he realized,at a time when the United States was still lagging behind Europe,the importance of science to the development of a nation,that science could achieve the goal of national leadership,and that education was an important tool for national development,and that science education could better prepare the nation's citizens to achieve America's industrial and cultural supremacy in the world.