法国高等师范学校的教育治理模式演进与实践路径——以里昂高等师范学校为例

The Evolution and Practice of Education Governance Models in French Normal Universities——A Case Study of Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon

克服大学行政化与自治的博弈冲突,是完善现代大学制度的关键。欧洲传统的大学自治方式以学术治理为主,而法国高等师范学校在中央集权制传统沿袭与政治去中心化改革中,融合了政府主导与学术治理双重属性,逐步发展为松散耦合与专业化官僚结构并存的治理实践路径。这既渐进式革新了传统中央政府对大学的单向性管控,又避免了学术组织对行政级别的“依附式”关系。在治理改革中,法国高等师范学校逐步形成政府主导,兼顾市场、区域及地方需求,实现高校发展的产学研一体化,并建构国家、市场、地区及学校组织和个体多元利益相关者共同治理的系统格局;实现了内部治理体系以校长领导融合学术自治、专业化科层治理,与以教授和学生为代表的个体民主参与治理,交叉并行的实践路径。这一治理模式图景与多元主体共生的政策网络模式,对推进大学治理现代化具有一定启示意义。

The key to improving the modern university system is to reconcile the conflicts between administrative centralization and autonomy in universities.Traditionally,university autonomy in Europe emphasizes academic governance;however,French normal universities have integrated government-led and academic governance through the inheritance of the traditional system of centralization and the political reform of decentralization,and have combined loose coupling and a specialized bureaucratic structure in the practice of university governance.Consequently,a governance approach has emerged that is characterized by the progressive reform of the centralized government control over universities,and the avoidance of the"dependence"of academic organizations on administrative levels.In the reform of governance,French normal universities have gradually developed government-led governance that takes into account market-oriented,regional and local needs,thus integrating education,research,and industries in the development of higher education institutions,and established a systematic pattern of joint governance by multi-stakeholders such as the state,the market,local authorities,university organizations,and individuals;and practiced a cross-parallel approach in the internal governance system by means of integrating academic autonomy with specialized hierarchical governance under the leadership of university presidents,and promoting democratic governance by means of encouraging active participation from professors and students.This governance model and the policy network model of multi-subject coexistence are of certain significance for the promotion of the modernization of university governance.