纳米硼的制备技术及反应性研究进展

Progress of synthesis technology and reactivity of nano-boron

综述了纳米硼的制备技术及反应性的最新研究进展。纳米硼粉主要制备方法包括物理方法和化学方法,物理方法包括球磨法、蒸汽冷凝法等,化学方法包括高温裂解法、氢等离子体还原法、机械化学法、自蔓延高温合成法以及氧化还原法等。从工业化生产的程度而言,球磨法和氢等离子体还原法是最优的两种制备方法,其中球磨法工艺最简单,氢等离子体还原法制备的产品质量更优,采用合适的工艺参数,可以生产纯度高于99%的纳米硼粉。多种研究方法证实了纳米硼粉和微米硼粉的反应性差异——通过点火法研究纳米硼的燃烧状态及燃烧完全性、通过热分析法研究纳米硼的反应提前温度及反应完全性、通过定容燃烧试验研究纳米硼的燃烧活性、以及将纳米硼粉添加入混合炸药中,均显示出纳米尺度的硼粉比微米或者微纳米尺度的硼粉具有显著提高的活性。因此,将硼粉纳米化,可以显著提高硼粉的反应活性,改善反应程度。研究结果可以为硼粉在火炸药中的应用提供重要技术支持。

The latest research progress of synthesis technology and reactivity of nano-boron is provided in this paper.The main synthesis methods of nano-boron powder include physical methods and chemical methods.Physical methods include ball milling and steam condensation.Chemical methods include pyrolysis,hydrogen plasma reduction,mechanochemical methods,self-propagating high-temperature synthesis and other redox methods.From the perspective of industrial production,ball milling and hydrogen plasma reduction are the two optimal synthesis methods.Among them,the ball milling process is the simplest,but the quality of products prepared by hydrogen plasma reduction is better.Nano-boron powder with the purity higher than 99%can be produced by hydrogen plasma reduction.Multiple research methods have confirmed the difference in reactivity between nano boron powder and micro boron powder.Such as,the combustion state and combustion completeness of boron by the ignition of boron,the drop value of reaction temperature and reaction completeness of boron through the thermal analysis,the combustion activity of boron through the fixed-volume chamber combustion test,or performance of mixed explosive by adding boron powder into mixed explosives.All methods shows that nano-scale boron powder has significantly higher activity than that of micro-scale or micro-nano-scale boron powder.Therefore,the reaction activity of boron powder can be significantly improved by the nanogenicization of boron powder.The research results can provide important reference value in technology for the application of boron powder in explosives and propellants.