社会工作中人与环境关系的研究——历史演变与新发展

Research on the Relationship between Human and Environment in Social Work:Historical Evolution and New Development

“人在环境中”是社会工作发展中的重要命题,体现出社会工作实践对人与环境的双重关注,而二者的关系同样是学界关注的重点。对人与环境关系的认识与变化,影响了西方社会工作不同历史时段的专业目标与实践模式。本研究将学科中人与环境关系作为依据,将西方社会工作划分实践探索期、个体诊断期、关系平衡期和结构导向期,并对二者关系的演变历程和变化趋势进行总结。同时结合当代环境的变化,探索社会工作中人与环境关系的新发展。

As a professional discipline that pays attention to both human and the environment,the change of the relationship between human and the environment plays an important role in the development of social work discipline.The concept of“Person-In-Environment”reflects the importance of the relationship between man and the environment in the major.“Person-In-Environment”is an important proposition in the development history of social work,reflecting the dual concern of professional practice on human and environment.The understanding of the relationship between human and environment has influenced the theoretical paradigm and practice model of western social work in different historical periods,and has also had a profound impact on professional development.The relationship between human and environment cannot be separated in the discipline of social work,and the way social workers view the relationship between them also affects the professional development of social work in different periods.Therefore,it is necessary to explore and analyze the relationship between human and environment in the history of social work.Influenced by factors such as historical background,sociological theory development and cultural environment,the relationship between human and environment in social work shows different characteristics in different historical development stages.Around people and environment and their relationship,social work has formed two major genres in its development history.One is based on personal development and problem-solving as the core of the individualism genre,the other is environmental improvement as the core of the structuralism genre,both reflects different point in the development of professional social work,and guide professional services at different stages of social work practice.In the different historical stages of the development of western social work,the relationship between human and environment has been constantly developing with the changes in social background,theoretical development and practical mode.This paper starts with the history of social work in the west and analyzes the evolution process and trend of the relationship between man and the environment in different periods of the development of social work.Based on the relationship between human and environment in the discipline,this study divides western social work into a practice exploration period,individual diagnosis period,relationship balance period and structure guidance period,analyzes the important theoretical and practical directions in each period,and summarizes the evolution process and change trend of the relationship between human and environment in the development of western social work.After analyzing the changing trend of the relationship between human and environment in social work,this paper finds that it has an important impact on the development of social work in three aspects:professional practice,subject boundary and theoretical paradigm.The professional practice shows a change trend from individual to structure.The boundary of the discipline expands from the individual to the society.The theoretical paradigm reflects the transformation from scientific demonstration to structural analysis.On the whole,the disciplinary change trend of Western social work is from individual to structure,in which the change of the relationship between human and environment is not an alternative change,but more of a superposition development.In recent years,with the progress of science and technology and the development of globalization,the development of social work has also been greatly affected.The emergence of multiple problems has made the theory and practice of social work develop in a diversified way,and the discipline’s understanding of the relationship between people and the environment has gradually advanced from the aspect of solving human problems to social reform.The traditional social work focuses on the individual family,interactive relationships and social networks,while the newly developed social work not only focuses on the relationship between the two from the traditional perspective,but also turns to the natural environment,life world and digital environment,and pays attention to the new development of the relationship between people and the environment.The first is the natural environment.The nature-oriented environmental social work takes environmental protection as the core,focuses on the concern of the green and natural environment,and at the same time,carries out professional services based on this,emphasizes the natural attributes of the concept of environment,and expands the relationship between human and environment.The second is the attention to the client’s everyday life.It is believed that social workers needs to put aside scientific concepts and service norms,pay attention to the actual life situation of the client,and respond to problems from the daily life field.The third is to focus on the digital environment,with the rapid development of Internet and digital technology,the relation between man and the environment will be further rules,can make social workers more accurately grasp the individual place in society and the information.Finally,combined with the cultural tradition and the social situation in China,this paper puts forward the new development direction of the relationship between human and environment in China’s social work,and believes that relevant resources should be mined in the Chinese context for development.It not only contributes to the development of the local theory of social work,but also helps social workers to better understand and practice the concept of“Person-In-Environment”,to promote the effectiveness of social work professional services and realize the local development of the discipline.