Sepsis heterogeneity

Background Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection,with extremely high mortality.Notably,sepsis is a heterogeneous syndrome characterized by a vast,multidimensional array of clinical and biologic features,which has hindered advances in the therapeutic field beyond the current standards.Data sources We used PubMed to search the subject-related medical literature by searching for the following single and/or combination keywords:sepsis,heterogeneity,personalized treatment,host response,infection,epidemiology,mortality,incidence,age,children,sex,comorbidities,gene susceptibility,infection sites,bacteria,fungi,virus,host response,organ dysfunction and management.Results We found that host factors(age,biological sex,comorbidities,and genetics),infection etiology,host response dysregulation and multiple organ dysfunctions can all result in different disease manifestations,progression,and response to treatment,which make it difficult to effectively treat and manage sepsis patients.Conclusions Herein,we have summarized contributing factors to sepsis heterogeneity,including host factors,infection etiology,host response dysregulation,and multiple organ dysfunctions,from the key elements of pathogenesis of sepsis.An in-depth understanding of the factors that contribute to the heterogeneity of sepsis will help clinicians understand the complexity of sepsis and enable researchers to conduct more personalized clinical studies for homogenous patients.