油菜机械直播机开沟浅旋装置设计与试验

Design and Experiment of Rapeseed Direct Seeding Machine with Furrow Opener and Shallow Plowing

针对长江中下游稻油轮作区油菜轻简高效生产需求及目前机具作业易出现厢面不平、碎土质量不高及“晾种”,导致油菜出苗率低的问题,设计了一种油菜机械直播机开沟浅旋装置,实现中间开畦沟,畦沟土壤抛送覆盖两侧厢面,浅旋匀土部件匀土、细碎厢面土壤及埋覆土壤和秸秆功能;基于滑切减阻原理及挤压力学理论,确定了中间开畦沟部件、清沟整形部件及浅旋匀土部件结构参数,得出中间开畦沟刀盘安装弯刀数量为4,切土节距为60 mm,清沟整形部件整形面侧面倾角为67°,前面倾角为3°,浅旋弯刀侧切刃偏心圆半径为182 mm,滑切角为42.4°;运用EDEM软件开展正交旋转组合试验,确定了螺旋匀土叶片的最佳结构参数:螺旋半径为100 mm、螺距为350 mm、螺旋头数为1,并确定了浅旋弯刀及螺旋匀土叶片结构布局;田间试验表明,当机组前进速度为7 km/h时,安装有开沟浅旋装置的油菜直播机作业后厢面平整,畦沟沟型完好,秸秆埋覆率为84.38%,碎土率为86.41%,厢面平整度为30.18 mm,畦沟沟深及沟宽稳定性均大于85%,出苗率为75.47%,油菜生长状态良好,装置作业效果满足油菜直播作业要求。

For rice-oil rotation area of the mid-lower Yangtze River rapeseed simple and highly-scale production needs and the current machine operation prone to uneven compartment surface,crushed soil quality and“drying seed”,resulting in low seedling rate of oilseed rape production problems,a kind of rapeseed direct seeding machine with furrow opener and shallow plowing was designed,to achieve the middle open border furrow,the border furrow soil throwing cover both sides of the compartment surface,shallow rotary soil leveling parts to level soil,fine crushed compartment soil and evenly mixed soil and straw function.Based on the principle of slip-cutting and resistance reduction and the theory of extrusion mechanics,the structural parameters of middle open bed furrow components,gully shaping components and shallow rotating screed components were determined,resulting in the number of curved knives installed in the middle open bed trench disc being 4,the cutting pitch being 60mm,the lateral inclination of the shaping surface of gully shaping components being 67°,the front inclination being 3°,the eccentric circle radius of the side cutting edge of the shallow rotary knife being 182mm and the slip-cutting angle being 42.4°.The EDEM software was used to carry out orthogonal test.The optimum structural parameters to be taken for the spiral screed blades were determined as follows:100mm for spiral radius,350mm for pitch and number of spiral heads was 1;and the shallow rotary blade and spiral screed blades structural layout were determined.The field experiments showed that when the forward speed of the unit was 7km/h,the rapeseed direct seeding machine with furrow opener and shallow plowing device had a flat compartment surface,complete with ravine furrow pattern,the stubble burying rate was 84.38%,the soil broking rate was 86.41%,the soil surface planeness was 30.18mm,the furrow depth and furrow width stability were more than 85%,seedling emergence rate was 75.47%.The results met the requirements for direct seeding of oilseed rape.The research result can provide a reference for the design of implements to achieve light,efficient and high quality mechanized direct seeding of rape in the region.