劳动力流动、城市结构匹配与城市生产率

Labor Mobility,Urban Structure Matching and Urban Productivity

新发展格局下,异质性技能劳动力在城市间与城市内的有效配置是影响城市体系分布结构和规模结构均衡的重要因素。基于Behrens等建立的城市模型均衡框架,探讨了实现城市体系分布结构和规模结构均衡时劳动力流动、劳动力技能匹配与城市生产率之间的理论逻辑以及作用机制。在此基础上,使用全国287个地级市2010—2019年的数据,进行了计量检验和异质性分析。结果显示,城市体系分布结构均衡取决于不同技能劳动力的分布结构,城市体系规模结构均衡取决于高技能劳动力的空间集聚、生产力的合理配置和劳动力技能匹配质量,也取决于城市集聚因素与城市成本因素间的权衡。据此提出了优化我国城市体系分布结构、城市体系规模结构以及劳动力市场供给的政策建议:制定城市均衡发展战略,重点关注城市技能劳动力分布结构;继续提高城市规模,尤其是优化大型城市的公共供给;提高中小型城市吸纳异质性技能劳动力的能力;深化劳动力市场改革,提高劳动力供给水平,提高技能匹配质量和效率。

Under the new development pattern,the effective allocation of heterogeneous skilled labor between and within cities is an important reason affecting the equilibrium of the distribution structure and the scale structure of the urban system.Based on the city model equilibrium framework established by Behrens et al,this paper explores the theoretical logic and the mechanism of action between labor mobility,labor skill matching and urban productivity when realizing the equilibrium of the distribution structure and the scale structure of the urban system.On this basis,econometric tests and heterogeneity analyses are conducted using data from 287 prefecture-level cities in China from 2010 to 2019.The results show that the equilibrium of the distribution structure of the urban system depends on the distribution structure of the labor force with different skills,and the equilibrium of the scale structure of the urban system depends on the spatial agglomeration of the highly skilled labor force,the rational allocation of productivity and the quality of labor force skill matching,as well as depends on the trade-off between the urban agglomeration factor and the urban cost factor.Accordingly,policy recommendations for optimizing the distribution structure of urban system,the scale structure of the urban system,and the supply of the labor market in China are put forward:firstly,a strategy for balanced urban development should be formulated,focusing on the distribution structure of the skilled labor force in the cities;secondly,continue to improve the scale of cities,especially optimizing the public supply of large cities;thirdly,improve the ability of small and medium-sized cities to absorb heterogeneous skilled labors;finally,deepen the labor market reforms to raise the level of labor supply and improve the quality and efficiency of skills matching.