作为正义的民主:全过程人民民主的政治哲学境界

Democracy as Justice:Political and Philosophical Realm of Whole-Process People's Democracy

在西方政治哲学史上,民主与正义一直处于复杂的关系中。无论是柏拉图与亚里士多德对“最佳政体”的困惑,还是霍布斯与卢梭对“主权者”之公共性的争议,抑或罗尔斯的“产权民主”之实效性问题,都已说明民主与正义的和解在原有的框架内已很难更进一步。建基于中国特色社会主义的全过程人民民主则可能为这一历史难题提供新解。全过程人民民主的正义内涵在于:国家一切权力属于人民,国家权力即人民权力。在全过程人民民主的正义结构中,人民作为“真正普遍的等级”是权利的阶级基础;“全过程”则实现了“人民的自我规定”,彰显了制度的实践效力;人民当家作主是良序社会的政治伦理标准,它坚守了“形式的原则就是物质的原则”。个体与共同体的统一、权利与善的统一、自由与平等的统一共同构成了全过程人民民主的正义价值。

In the history of western political philosophy,democracy and justice have been in a complex relationship.Despite Plato and Aristotle's confusion over the“best regime”and Hobbes and Rousseau's dispute over the publicity of the“sovereign”,or Rawls's issue of the effectiveness of“property-owning democracy”,it has been shown that the reconciliation between democracy and justice is difficult to go further within the original framework.Developing whole-process people's democracy based on socialism with Chinese characteristics may provide a new solution to this historical problem.The connotation of whole-process people's democracy lies in the principles that all state power belongs to the people,and state power is people's power.In the structure of wholeprocess people's democracy,people,as a“truly universal hierarchy”,are the class basis of rights;The“whole process”realizes the“people's self-regulation”and demonstrates the practical effectiveness of the system;the people being the masters of the country is the political and ethical standard of a well-ordered society,which adheres to the idea that“the principle of form is the principle of material”.The unity of individual and community,the unity of rights and good,and the unity of freedom and equality together constitute the value of whole-process people's democracy.