高校扩招中的高等教育机会获得:城乡差异及其内部性别分化

Access to Higher Education in College Enrollment Expansion:Urban-Rural Gap and its Internal Gender Differentiation

在高等教育规模不断扩张背景下,教育不平等现象更可能以细微形式存在。高校扩招政策的实施提升了各群体接受高等教育的比例,但总体及不同层次高等教育机会分配上的城乡不平等现象并未因而得到缓解或减小,城市群体依然存在显著优势,城乡内部均呈现出“女强男弱”的新现象,城市内部“女强”主要体现在本科教育上,而农村内部“女强”则主要体现在专科教育上。家庭文化资本对城市女性群体的影响大于城市男性群体,而对农村内部不同性别群体的影响存在异质性,即父亲受教育水平仅作用于农村女性群体,母亲受教育水平主要作用于农村男性群体。家庭政治资本仅对城市群体的总体高等教育机会获得具有显著影响,且更易作用于男性群体。高校扩招主要改善了城市男性群体因家庭阶层高低而造成的不同层次高等教育机会获得的不平等现象。相较于其他群体,城市低阶层家庭男性群体在高校扩招中获益最多。因此,应提高农村地区教育教学质量,优化教育资源配置;提高弱势群体的高等教育入学信息资本,实施高等教育“补偿原则”;建构和完善公共教育服务体系,弥补低资本家庭子女的教育缺失。

In the context of the continuous expansion of higher education,educational inequality is more likely to exist in subtle forms.Using the data of Chinese General Social Survey(CGSS),this paper investigates the urban-rural gap in access to higher education and its internal gender differentiation before and after the expansion of college enrollment.It is found that the implementation of the university enrollment expansion policy has improved the proportion of all groups receiving higher education,but the urban-rural inequality in the overall and different levels of higher education opportunities distribution has not been alleviated or reduced,and urban groups still have significant advantages.And there is a new phenomenon of“female strength”.The“female strength”in urban areas is mainly reflected in undergraduate education,while in rural areas it is mainly reflected in vocational college education.The influence of family cultural capital on urban female group is greater than that on urban male group,while the influence on different gender groups in rural areas is heterogeneous.That is,the education level of the father only affects rural female group,and the education level of the mother mainly affects rural male group.Family political capital only has a significant impact on the overall access to higher education for urban groups,and it is more likely to affect male groups.The expansion of college enrollment has mainly improved the unequal phenomenon of higher education opportunities at different levels caused by the family level of urban male groups.Compared with other groups,the urban male group of low class family benefited the most from the college enrollment expansion.Therefore,we should improve the quality of education and teaching in rural areas and optimize the allocation of educational resources;Improve the information capital of the disadvantaged groups in higher education,and implement the“compensation principle”of higher education;Construct and improve the public education service system to make up for the lack of education for children from low-capital families.