中国城乡关系演变规律:从依存、分立到融合

The Evolution Pattern of Urban-Rural Relations in China:From Dependence,Opposition to Integration

从古至今,中国城乡关系在发展中不断演化。通过文献研究、政策解读及数据分析,从历史长时段梳理出古代、近代及现代中国城乡关系演变的基本规律。研究认为:从总体上看,以农耕经济为主的古代城乡为依存共生关系;以工业文明为主导的近代城乡逐渐分化为二元对立结构;强调生态文明与知识经济的现代城乡,原先固化的二元关系逐步破冰而趋向融合。新中国成立以来的不同发展阶段,国家治理制度与城乡发展战略对城乡关系产生深刻影响。具体而言,当政策制度偏向农业、农村时,城乡关系会缓和,城乡差距相应缩小;当政策制度偏向工业、城市时,城乡关系容易产生对立,城乡差距会拉大;当国家在城乡治理体系中强调城乡等值时,城乡之间有协同发展趋势。改革开放后,强调生产效率的工业化与注重经济增长的传统城镇化,加速了中国城镇化与现代化的进程,同时也拉大了城乡差距;近十年来,国家倡导以人为核心的新型城镇化,有望推动城乡融合发展。

China's urban-rural relations have continuously developed and evolved from ancient times to the present.Through literature research,policy interpretation and data analysis,this paper summarizes the basic patterns of the evolution of urban-rural relations in ancient,modern and contemporary China over a long historical period.The study concludes that,on the whole,the rural-urban relationship in ancient times,which was dominated by the agrarian economy,was a symbiotic relationship of dependence;the rural-urban relationship in modern times,which was dominated by the industrial civilization,was gradually divided into a dichotomy;and the rural-urban relationship in modern times,which emphasizes the eco-civilization and the knowledge-based economy,has been gradually breaking the ice of the previously solidified dichotomy and tends to be melted down.At different stages of development since the founding of New China,national governance systems and urban-rural development strategies have had a profound impact on urban-rural relations.Specifically,when national policies favor agriculture and the countryside,urban-rural relations are eased and the urban-rural gap narrows accordingly;when national policies favor industry and the city,urban-rural relations tend to be antagonistic and the urban-rural gap widens;and when national policies emphasize the equivalence of urban and rural areas in the urban-rural governance system,the urban-rural trend develops in a synergistic manner.After the reform and opening-up,industrialization with emphasis on production efficiency and traditional urbanization with emphasis on economic growth accelerated the process of China's urbanization and modernization process,while widening the gap between of urban and rural areas.In recent years,the Chinese government has advocated the people-centered urbanization,which is expected to promote the integrated development of urban and rural areas.