全球粮食产后收获损失研究综述

A research review of global grain harvest losses

【目的】由于经济和技术水平等方面因素影响,全球粮食产后不同阶段的损失差异巨大。了解世界各地粮食产后损失程度及影响因素,可以为中国减少粮食损失提供关键信息参考。【方法】本文聚焦于粮食产后收获环节,根据PRISMA指南,以Web of Science数据库作为主要文献来源进行检索,最终筛选出了98篇相关文献进行分析。【结果】(1)世界范围内,学界对粮食产后收获损失的关注总体呈上升趋势,但主要集中于亚洲和美洲国家,文献报告的粮食作物总体产后平均收获损失率的均值为6.65%,且因人工、机械、气候和种植管理等因素,不同国家在粮食收获损失方面存在异质性。(2)农业产后收获的机械化发展虽然提高了收获效率,但在发展中国家,由于社会化服务发展产生的委托等问题对收获损失的影响不容忽视,缺乏对联合收割机装备和性能的了解,也限制了发展中国家机械化技术的应用和推广。(3)此外,干燥与储存阶段设备的缺乏也会增加收获后损失。【结论】因此,对中国而言,在加大机械化收获应用力度的同时,应根据国内经济条件和产业发展需要,重视对机械收获技术、操作方法等的深入研究和应用,持续更新、修订新的技术标准,并完善农业产后收获的基础设施环境。本文可以为中国粮食收获阶段减损干预措施的提出提供信息和决策参考。

[Objective]Due to differences in economic and technological development levels,postharvest losses(PHL)in different stages of the grain value chain varies greatly across the world.Identifying the extent of PHL and the influencing factors globally can provide crucial information for food loss reduction in China.[Methods]This study focused on grain harvest losses and selected 98 relevant publications according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses(PRISMA)guidelines.We constructed a database of international publications on grain PHL,including academic papers and research reports on four types of grain crops(rice,corn,wheat,and soybean).[Results]The results show that the attention to PHL of grains is increasing globally in the past decades,but focused mainly on the developing countries and regions in Asia,Africa,and South America.On average,the post-harvest grain losses at the global level are 6.651%,but heterogeneity of grain harvest losses existed in different countries due to factors such as climate,harvest methods,technical conditions,and labor quality.Although the introduction of mechanized harvesting has improved the production efficiency,the impacts of nonstandard operation and the use of third-party contractor services on harvest losses cannot be ignored.The lack of research on combine harvester performance also limited the application of mechanization technologies.Besides,equipment and facility shortages in the stages of drying and storage also led to increased PHL.[Conclusion]Therefore,we suggest paying more attention to the research of mechanical harvest technologies and operation methods,as well as renewing and revising technical standards continuously and improve the infrastructure environment for harvesting according to domestic economic conditions and industrial development.This study also provided detailed information and policy recommendations for PHL reduction in China.