城市社区便民服务中心选址模型研究

A New Location Model for Site Planning of Community Convenience Service Center

15分钟生活圈是以人为本城市社区建设的基本需求,也是绿色、低碳、可持续城市的发展方向。然而,生活圈服务设施布局规划存在诸多挑战,如需要建设多少设施,生活圈半径内人群覆盖率能否达标,以及如何提升服务公平性?鉴于现有的区位问题难以直接解决这些问题,本文引入设施最大服务半径和推荐服务半径覆盖人群达标率指标,将经典的单源设施区位问题(SSCFLP)改进为规划参数驱动的区位问题(DC-CFLP),用于生活圈公共服务设施布局规划,尝试解决上述难题。相较于SSCFLP,新模型增加了3个规划参数,满足设施选址需求;在模型中使用软约束条件,对违背设施容量、最大服务距离和覆盖人群达标率的情况进行惩罚,使模型在实际应用中具有灵活性。选择郑州市郑东新区为案例区域,进行社区便民服务中心选址规划实验。依据区域现状及2035年控制性详细规划,设置3组规划参数,通过模型求解获得相应的选址方案。结果表明:设置不同的规划参数,新模型能够以最少的设施实现服务供需均衡,最大限度地满足服务半径达标率要求,也较好兼顾了服务成本、可及性和公平性。为验证本模型的优越性,与SSCFLP和CPMP模型相比,DC-CFLP模型更适合城市生活圈服务设施布局规划,满足实际规划需求,兼具理论意义和实用价值。

The 15-minute community-life circle is defined as an ideal geographical setup where most human needs are located within a 15-minutes travel distance.This concept represents a new trend for green,low-carbon,and sustainable urban development.However,there are challenges in building 15-minutes community life circles effectively,efficiently,and equality,such as how many service facilities are required,where to locate the facilities,and how to promote service efficiency and equality for urban residents.In this paper,a novel facility location model,DC-CFLP,is proposed for facility site selection within the 15-minute community-life circle and addressing the aforementioned facility planning challenges.First,we use a maximum service radius,a recommended service radius,a minimum percentage of demand covered by facilities within the recommended service radius,and an optional maximum number of facilities to extend the single-source facility location problem(SSCFLP).Second,the constraints on the facility capacity,such as maximum service radius and minimum percentage,are formulated as soft constraints,which are addressed through penalties in the objective function.The proposed model is tested in Zhengdong New District,Zhengzhou,China.Based on the geographic condition of the region and its detailed urban planning maps for the year of 2035,three different scenarios are designed for locating the community convenience service centers,each with three sets of planning parameters.In this case study,we solve nine model instances using a metaheuristic algorithm.The planning results show that our proposed model can efficiently select facility locations that satisfy planning criteria,including balancing service demand and supply,minimizing cost service and travel costs,achieving a minimum percentage of demand covered by facilities within the recommended service radius,and reducing spatial inequality of service,while considering service cost,accessibility,and equity.Based on the model results,several planning recommendations are provided for the study area.Moreover,to demonstrate the superiority of the proposed model,we conduct comparison experiments with the SSCFLP,the Capacitated P-Median Problem(CPMP),and the DC-CFLP.These experiments show that the facility location selection using SSCFLP is the most efficient,the CPMP results are largely dependent on the number of facilities,and the DC-CFLP results archive a better balance between service quality,cost,and equality.In conclusion,our study demonstrates that our proposed model is a planning-parameter-driven,efficiency-equality balanced model,and highly flexible for the site selection of public facilities.