义务与职业之间:以色列“人民军队”模式及其变革

Between Duty and Profession:The People's Army Model of the IDF and Its Reform

基于义务兵役制度及预备役制度的实行,以色列国防军被视作“人民军队”且具有特殊地位,在以色列军政关系的形成过程中发挥了重要作用。受安全环境、经济压力、社会思潮、科学技术发展等因素影响,以色列国防军日渐处于以色列政治舞台与社会舆论的中心,“人民军队”模式开始面临挑战并受到质疑。以色列国防军“人民军队”模式的改革涉及兵役项目、兵役时长及兵役人群等三个维度。由于不同改革维度中所涉行动者不同、互动方式不一,这一模式整体变革进度出现不同步性和不协调性,变革中的专业化与精英化要快于社会化,“人民军队”的原有结构不再稳定,出现义务兵役与预备役群体缩小、常备军规模扩大的趋势,旧有军政互动模式面临危机。以色列的兵役制度虽未经历断裂式的大幅度改革,却在不断进行渐进式的调整,为研究兵役制度的发展与走向提供了新的视角。

On the basis of compulsory military service and reserve service,the IDF has a special status as the“People's Army”and has played an important role in the formation of the Civil-Military relation in Israel.With the change of security environment,economic pressure,social trend of thought and development of technology,the“People's Army”model has also begun to face challenges and doubts,which not only put it at the center of Israeli political arena and public opinion,but also the focus of academic research.The reform of the“People's Army”model involves three dimensions:military service program,military service duration and military personnel.Due to the different actors involved in these three dimensions of the reform and the various ways of interaction,the overall progress of the reform is also out of sync and uncoordinated,which leads to the specialization and elitism in the reform faster than socialization.Thus,the original three-tier structure of the“People's Army”is no longer stable:the compulsory military service and reserve groups are shrinking,while the size of the standing army is expanding.The original model of civil-military interaction is also facing a crisis.Although Israel's military service system has not undergone a drastic reform,it is constantly undergoing gradual adjustment,which can be regarded as a typical case of reform of military service system in small countries,providing a new perspective for studies.