女性、教派与制度:阿拉伯国家家庭法改革的政治学

Gender,Sect and Institution:The Politics of Family Law Reforms in the Arab World

2017年以来,埃及、沙特、巴林、叙利亚、伊拉克等国在同一个短暂时期完成或接近完成了第三波家庭法改革,但各国在法律形式或条款内容的改革方面表现出系统性差异。权力巩固时期的合法化需求以及选举周期和身份政治的逻辑,刺激了阿拉伯威权国家的权力精英以及民主政体内部分政党在同一阶段推动家庭法改革的议题。不同的制度遗产、政治制度转型以及权力巩固时期精英对本国身份政治群体的考量,解释了同一批国家在改革结果方面的差异。尽管第三波家庭法改革对相关国家女性在家庭领域权利的实际影响仍具有不确定性,对不同身份政治群体中的女性将产生不同影响,但却反映出阿拉伯国家在性别政治、政教关系、族群政治领域正在经历深刻转型。

Over a short period of time since 2017,the governments of Egypt,Saudi Arabia,Bahrain,Syria and Iraq have completed or nearly completed the reform of their family law systems,which show mix results and systematic differences in legal forms and substances.While the need for legitimacy during periods of power consolidation and the logic of electoral cycles and ethnic politics push elites and related parties to pick up the issue of family law reform simultaneously,institutional legacies,political system transitions,and consideration of key groups of identity politics explain the differences of reform outcomes within the same group of authoritarian and transitional Arab states.With the actual impact on women's rights being uncertain and bifurcated for those among different religious or ethnic groups,the third wave of family law reforms have reflected the profound transformations that the Arab countries are undergoing within the realms of gender,ethnicity and politics of religion.