单边制裁背景下美国域外刑事管辖权的检视与应对

U.S.Extraterritorial Criminal Jurisdiction Under Review and Responses:In the Context of Unilateral Sanctions

单边制裁背景下,美国持续推动其域外刑事管辖的主张,越来越多的外国公司和个人因在美国境外发生的、牵连进制裁的行为受到刑事处罚。美国与制裁有关的刑事立法复杂而零散,司法管辖和执法管辖自由裁量空间较大,事实上形成了立法、司法、执法三足鼎立的域外刑事管辖体系。现有案件显示,被管辖的域外行为与美国之间往往不存在真实联系,以此为基础的域外刑事管辖不仅在美国国内法层面存在法理缺陷,也缺少国际法上的合法性,更无法为外国当事人提供足够的程序公平和人权保障。面对美国积极推进单边制裁领域刑事执法,各国应协同合作对抗美国霸权主义下的单边管辖,综合运用外交与法律手段应对不当域外管辖个案,最大程度保障本国公民权益和国家利益。此外,还应积极探索如何在法律、政策和实践中更好地恪守和落实域外刑事管辖“真实联系”原则,共同维护国际法之权威。

Assertions of extraterritorial criminal jurisdiction have become increasingly frequent in the context of U.S.unilateral sanctions.An increasing number of foreign companies and individuals are being criminally prosecuted due to activities associated with sanctions that occurred outside U.S.borders.The federal legal framework governing sanctions violations is characterized by complex and disjointed legislations,which leave space of discretion for adjudicatory jurisdiction and enforcement jurisdiction.In practice,a tripartite system of U.S.extraterritorial criminal jurisdiction in the domain of unilateral sanctions has been established.A review of contemporary cases indicates a trend wherein the U.S.frequently asserts criminal jurisdiction over cases that lack a genuine connection to the state.By asserting such extraterritorial criminal jurisdiction and enforcing its domestic legislation on these cases,the U.S.not only finds itself in a questionable position vis-à-vis its own domestic law,but also appears to lack legitimacy under international law.Further,it fails to provide the foreign defendants with sufficient procedural fairness and human rights protection.In light of the U.S.'s vigorous advancement of criminal law enforcement,particularly in the realm of unilateral sanctions,it becomes incumbent upon the international community to collaboratively resist this hegemonic unilateral jurisdiction.Countries should strategically leverage diplomatic and legal mechanisms to deal with cases of inappropriate extraterritorial jurisdiction,thereby enhancing the protection of their citizens'rights and sovereign interests.Furthermore,it is imperative for countries to thoroughly scrutinize and more effectively integrate the principle of“genuine connection”into their legal frameworks,policies,and practices concerning extraterritorial criminal jurisdiction,fostering a collective effort to reinforce and safeguard the authority of international law.