苏联社会组织管理与发展刍议(1917-1930)

A Brief Discussion on the Management and Development of Social Organizationsof the New Economic Policy of the Soviet Union(1917-1930)

十月革命以后至国内战争时期,苏维埃政权对社会组织采取临时应急管理的举措。新经济政策初期,苏维埃政权大体继承旧俄只规定社会组织“禁止做什么”的管理思路,社会组织具有在宪法与法律框架下以个人和群体关注为中心自治的特点。20年代中期至30年代初期,基于国内外形势变化,苏联开始构建苏共主导型社会组织管理体制,“应该做什么”成为管理的基本思路,社会组织宗旨被定格在助推实施国家战略上。在这一进程中,社会组织的称谓、分类方法、社会组织成员及理事会成员中共产党员的比例、帮助政权型社会组织的比例都相应发生变化。上述变化并非来自于党的主观构想或理论教条,而是世界上第一个社会主义国家在资本主义敌视、包围、威胁中艰难求生存与发展的产物,也是苏俄赶超型社会主义现代化道路形成进程中的一个缩影。

After the October Revolution and during the civil war,the Soviet government adopted temporary emergency management measures for social organizations.In the early days of the New Economic Policy(NEP),the Soviet government generally inherited the old Russian management idea of only stipulating“what to ban”for social organizations.Social organizations had the characteristics of autonomy,focusing on individual and group concerns under the framework of the Constitution and laws.After the mid-1920s to the 1930s,due to the domestic and international changes of situation,a CPSU-led management system of social organizations was built in the Soviet Union.“What to do”became the basic idea of management,and the purpose of social organizations was fixed on promoting the implementation of the national strategy.In this process,the title and classification methods of social organizations,and the proportion of Communist Party members among members of social organizations and their council members,and the proportion of pro-government social organizations had all undergone corresponding changes.The above changes did not come from the party’s subjective conception or theoretical dogma,but were the product of struggle of the world’s first socialist country to survive and develop in the hostility,encirclement,and threat of capitalism.It was also a microcosm of the formation process of Soviet Russia’s catch-up road to socialist modernization.