鸡粪部分替代化肥改善嘎拉苹果外观品质和风味

Partial replacement of chemical nitrogen fertilizer with chicken manure improves fruit appearance quality and taste of Gala apples

【目的】研究鸡粪替代不同比例的化肥对嘎拉苹果外观品质和内在品质的影响,为果园有机肥替代化肥和化肥减量增效提供数据支撑。【方法】2017年,以‘嘎拉’/SH38/山定子(Malus pumila Mill/SH38/Malus baccata(L.)Borkh.)苹果为试材,在辽宁兴城中国农业科学院果树研究所砬山综合试验基地开展定位施肥试验。试验共设置6个处理:无肥对照(CK)、100%化肥(100%CF)、75%化肥+25%鸡粪(25%CHM)、50%化肥+50%鸡粪(50%CHM)、25%化肥+75%鸡粪(75%CHM)、100%鸡粪(100%CHM)。果实成熟后,每个处理取具有代表性的果实20个,10个果实用于测量单果重、纵横径、果实硬度、色泽等指标,10个果实用于测定果实糖酸组分、香气物质种类及含量。【结果】与100%CF处理相比,25%CHM和50%CHM处理的单果重没有显著变化,75%CHM和100%CHM处理单果重显著提高,但这二者之间无显著差异;25%CHM和50%CHM处理的果实纵径及25%CHM、50%CHM和75%CHM处理横径没有显著变化,而100%CHM处理增加显著。阳面果实色泽各处理间均无显著差异;阴面果实亮度、红绿色差和黄绿色差各处理间也无显著差异,但与100%CF处理相比,50%CHM处理降低了果实阴面色彩饱和度,75%CHM处理降低了色调角(P<0.05)。苹果酸、奎宁酸是苹果酸味和涩味的主要来源。在各施肥处理中,果实奎宁酸含量无显著差异,苹果酸含量以75%CHM、100%CHM处理最高,显著高于25%CHM和50%CHM处理,后者又显著高于100%CF处理,且100%CHM处理的可滴定酸含量也显著高于25%CHM和100%CF处理。75%CHM处理的果实酯类、醇类香气物质含量最高,分别为897.17、209.30μg/g,显著高于其余各处理;25%CHM处理果实醛类、醚类香气物质含量最高,分别为48.20、6.76μg/g,显著高于其余各处理。主成分分析结果表明,75%CHM处理其综合评分最高,为0.6291。【结论】以适宜比例的鸡粪替代化肥可增加单果重和果实体积,还可提升决定果品的苹果酸、酯类香气物质以及总香气物质含量,在供试条件下,建议鸡粪与化肥按3∶1的比例施用。

【Objectives】We studied the effect of different proportion of chicken manure in total fertilizer input on the appearance and inner taste qualities,as well as the yields of Gala apples,to provide reference for the organic substitution in fruit production.【Methods】In 2017,a localized fertilizer experiment was started in Lashan Comprehensive Experimental Base of the Research Institute of Pomology of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Xingcheng City,Liaoning province.The tested apple cultivar was‘Gala’/SH38/Shan Dingzi(Malus pumila Mill/SH38/Malus baccata(L.)Borkh.).Six treatments were set up:no fertilizer control(CK),100%chemical fertilizer(100%CF),75%chemical fertilizer+25%chicken manure(25%CHM),50%chemical fertilizer+50%chicken manure(50%CHM),25%chemical fertilizer+75%chicken manure(75%CHM),and 100%chicken manure(100%CHM).At fruit ripening stage,20 representative fruits were taken from each treatment plot,10 fruits for measurement of the appearance quality,and 10 for taste.【Results】Compared with 100%CF,25%CHM and 50%CHM treatment did not impact the single fruit weight,while 75%CHM and 100%CHM treatment increased the single fruit weight significantly;25%CHM,50%CHM,and 75%CHM treatment did not affect fruit longitudinal and transverse diameter,while 100%CHM significantly increased the indexes.The manure substitution rates did not cause significant differences in the sunny side color,shade side lightness,red-green color difference,and yellow-green color difference of the fruits,but 50%CHM decreased the color saturation,and 75%CHM decreased the hug angle(P<0.05).Malic acid and quinic acid decide the tart and astringent flavor of fruit.The manure substitution rates did not influence fruit quinic acid content,but 75%CHM and 100%CHM fruits were recorded higher malic acid content than the 25%CHM and 50%CHM fruits.In addition,100%CHM fruits had the highest titratable acid,the 75%CHM fruits had the highest esters(897.14μg/g)and alcohols aroma substances(209.30μg/g),the 25%CHM fruits had the highest aldehydes(48.20μg/g)and ether aroma substances(6.76μg/g),respectively.The results of the principal component analysis showed that the 75%CHM treatment had the highest overall score of 0.6291.【Conclusions】Replacing chemical fertilizer with appropriate proportion of chicken manure can increase single fruit weight and size,form more saturated color of fruit,enhance malic acid,ester aroma substances,as well as total aroma substances that determine the flavor of the fruit.Without change the total nitrogen input,the appropriate ratio of chicken manure and chemical fertilizer N is 3∶1 for high quality and yield Gala apple production.