人类学家维克多·特纳仪式理论的本土化路径

On Localization Approach of the Ritual Theory of Anthropologist Victor Turner

维克多·特纳是著名的人类学家,其仪式理论拓展和深化了我们对仪式现象的理解和认识。仪式理论的系统解读和反思,象征理论的运用反思以及仪式过程理论的运用反思是我国民族学/人类学将特纳仪式理论本土化的主要路径。国内学界在仪式研究中就特纳仪式理论的运用路径积累了较为丰富的成果,这为总结国外人类学理论本土化路径提供了重要的经验基础。特纳仪式研究的基本思想是将象征、仪式放在具体社会文化语境中,把握仪式和社会过程的关系。中国社会的仪式研究不仅在具体社会情景中揭示了象征意义及其意义转换,更揭示了仪式过程呈现出的结构弱化、结构强化和结构延续三种不同的类型特征。中国社会结构类型的多样性不仅创造性地拓展了特纳仪式理论的运用范围,而且也深化了我们对特纳仪式理论的理解。因此,全面把握特纳仪式理论的基本思想,结合中国经验进行反思,是创造性地将特纳仪式理论本土化,建构具有中国经验的民族学/人类学理论的重要路径。

Victor Turner is a famous anthropologist in the world,and his ritual theory has greatly expanded and deepened our understanding of ritual phenomena.The systematic interpre-tation and reflection of ritual theory,the application and reflection of symbolic theory and ritual process theory are the key approaches for Chinese ethnology and anthropology to localize Victor Turner's ritual theory.Domestic scholars have accumulated abundant achievements in the appli-cation of Victor Turner's theory in ritual research,which provides an important empirical basis for summarizing the localization approach of anthropological theories abroad.The basic idea of Victor Turner's ritual research is to put the symbol and ritual in the specific social and cultural context,and grasp the relationship between ritual and social process.The study of ritual in Chi-nese society not only reveals the symbolic meaning and its transformation in specific social situa-tions,but also reveals three different types of characteristics presented in the ritual process:structural weakening,structural strengthening,and structural continuation.The diversity of Chinese social structure types not only creatively promotes the application scope of Victor Turn-er's ritual theory,but also deepens our understanding of Victor Turner's ritual theory.There-fore,it is an important approach to fully grasp the basic ideas of Turner's ritual theory and re-flect on it in combination with Chinese experience,which is helpful for creatively localizing Turner's ritual theory and constructing ethnological/anthropological theories with Chinese ex-perience.