覆膜类型对春玉米农田盐热变化及产量的影响

Effects of different films mulching on salt and heat changesand yield of spring maize farmland

明晰不同覆膜类型的田间应用效果,对推广绿色高效覆盖技术具有重要科学意义.以河套灌区地面灌溉春玉米为研究对象,定量分析了不覆膜(CK)、普通聚乙烯地膜(PE)、高强度可回收地膜(HS)和生物可降解地膜(BP)等4个覆膜类型对春玉米全生育期农田土壤温度、盐分运移,以及玉米生长、产量、水分利用效率(WUE)的影响.研究结果表明,在播种后60 d处理PE,HS,BP相比CK,主根区(0~40 cm)的有效积温分别提高64.1,61.4,52.5℃.覆膜抑制了盐分上移和表聚现象的发生,在10 cm土层,较处理CK降低的土壤盐分其质量分数分别为45.0%(HS),37.0%(BP),17.9%(PE).覆膜措施可以加快玉米生长发育的进程和提高春玉米生育前期地上干物质量.与CK相比,处理PE,HS,BP的产量和WUE分别显著提高了12.8%,10.3%,14.3%和12.8%,4.8%,17.0%(P<0.05).春玉米产量与全生育期10 cm土层土壤有效积温(R^(2)=0.758 18)和收获时地上干物质积累量(R^(2)=0.510 86)均呈显著正相关关系.高强度地膜和生物可降解地膜均有显著的增温压盐和提高作物产量等应用效果,可在河套灌区实际生产中推广应用.

Clarifying the field application effects of different types of film mulching technologies is of great scientific significance for promoting green and efficient mulching technologies.Taking spring maize under surface irrigation in Hetao Irrigation District as the research object,the effects of four mulch types,including non-mulching(CK),conventional polythene mulching(PE),high-strength recyclable mulching(HS),and biodegradable mulching(BP),on soil temperature,salt transport,maize growth,yield and water use efficiency(WUE)during the entire growth period of spring maize were quantitatively analyzed.The results of this study show that the effective accumulated temperature of the main root zone(0-40 cm)of PE,HS and BP increases by 64.1,61.4,52.5℃,respectively,compared with CK at 60 days after sowing.Mulching inhibits the occurrence of salt migration upward and surface aggregation,and the occurrence of surface accumulation.In the 10 cm soil layer,the mass fractions of soil salt decrease by 45.0%(HS),37.0%(BP)and 17.9%(PE),respectively,compared with CK.Film mulching measures can accelerate the process of maize growth and development and improve the quality of aboveground dry matter in the early growth stage of spring maize.Compared with CK,the yield and WUE of PE,HS,BP treaments are significantly increased by 12.8%,10.3%,14.3%and 12.8%,4.8%,17.0%(P<0.05),respectively.The yield of spring maize is significantly positively correlated with the effective accumulated temperature of 10 cm soil layer during the entire growth period(R^(2)=0.75818)and the aboveground dry matter accumulation at harvest(R^(2)=0.51086).Both high-strength plastic mulch film and biodegradable mulch film have positive impacts on increasing temperature,salt pressure,as well as crop yield,which may be promoted and applied in practical production in Hetao Irrigation District.