破除数据要素的交易困境:法律透视与机制重塑

Solving the Transaction Dilemma of Data Elements:Legal Perspective and Mechanism Reshaping

个人及企业因相关制度的保障与激励有限而未能深度参与数据要素市场。数据要素效用缺乏相对稳定性,估值缺乏准确性,价格形成缺乏高效性,致使数据要素交易缺乏实效性。借助法律工具系统透视数据要素交易可知,现有数据产权制度及理论因存在产权歧视、忽视个人合理利益诉求而难以有效激发交易活力;在数据交易平台独特盈利模式中,隐私计算等技术的可信度低,交易风险高,导致数据要素交易的信任机制欠佳。为确保数据要素的交易实效,应强化企业的数据产权主体地位,明确个人的数据投资主体地位。将数据要素的功能及表征契合于现实消费需求,将可交易数据要素类型化为功能型数据要素、信息型数据要素及数据型数据要素。基于企业产权主体与个人投资主体及类型化可交易数据要素,重塑数据产权内容,同时依托数字化技术配套相应公示制度。以数据交易平台、企业及第三方专业服务机构的职能合规为抓手,确保数据要素交易的关联机构可信;借助数据回报公式动态计算个人投资的数据价值,依靠市场及监管机制动态确定数据要素价格;依托法律责任降低数据要素的个人隐私、个人信息及公共利益风险,重塑数据要素的交易信任机制。

Individuals and enterprises have not been able to participate deeply in the data factor market because of the limited protection and incentives provided by the relevant system.The lack of relative stability in the utility of data elements,the lack of accuracy in price valuation,and the lack of efficiency in price formation have led to a lack of effectiveness in the trading of data elements.As can be seen from a systematic perspective of data factor transactions with the help of legal tools,the existing data property rights system and theories are difficult to effectively stimulate transaction vitality because of property rights discrimination and neglect of individuals'reasonable interests;and in the unique profit model of data transaction platforms,the low credibility of technologies such as privacy computing and the high risk of transactions have led to an unsatisfactory trust mechanism for data factor transactions.In order to ensure the effectiveness of data element trading,the status of enterprises as the main body of data property rights should be strengthened,and the status of individuals as the main body of data investment should be strengthened.The functions and representations of data elements should be adapted to real consumption needs,and tradable data elements should be typified into functional data elements,informational data elements and datatype data elements.We should,based on the enterprise property right subject and individual investment subject and type of tradable data elements,reshape the content of data property rights,and at the same time,rely on digital technology to formulate the corresponding supporting publicity system.We should,first,take the functional compliance of data trading platforms,enterprises and third-party professional service organizations as a guideline to ensure the credibility of the affiliates of data element transactions;second,we should dynamically calculate the data value of individual investments with the help of data return formulas,and rely on the market and regulatory mechanisms to dynamically set the price of data elements;and third,we should reshape the trust mechanism for the transaction of data elements by relying on the legal responsibility to reduce the risk of individual privacy,personal information and public interest of data elements.