枣分子育种研究进展

Advance in molecular breeding of Chinese jujube

枣是我国传统的木本粮食树种,全国栽培面积约147万hm2,年产量约800万t,均占世界种植面积和产量的98%以上,是世界枣种植大国。近年来,我国科学家在枣分子育种方面取得了重要进展,奠定了枣研究的世界领先水平,巩固了世界第一大国地位。本文综述了近年来SSR、ISSR、SNP、scnDNA等分子标记技术在枣种质资源遗传多样性、群体结构、品种鉴定中的应用;迭代的测序组装技术在枣(‘冬枣’‘骏枣’和酸枣)基因组精细图谱绘制中的发展,以鲜食枣品种杂交组合‘冬枣’ב临猗梨枣’等构建高密度遗传连锁图谱;制干枣果实中糖代谢和转运(含维生素C),及可溶性酸、黄酮类和萜类物质生物合成途径,非生物胁迫(逆境、裂果等)相关基因挖掘与功能验证、MADS-box花器官发育基因家族成员挖掘、自交不亲和相关miRNA和靶基因鉴定等分子育种相关最新的研究进展。最后,指出了当前枣分子育种理论和技术研究尚不充分,且理论与实践存在脱节等问题,提出了在重视性状形成的主干途径的同时,应加强支路途径研究,从而形成完善的调控途径;育种方面应加强抗盐碱、抗裂果等砧木品种培育,完善遗传转化体系,提高分子育种效率。期望通过弥补这些不足,实现枣的分子设计育种和高效遗传改良,培育一批优质高产高抗的突破性良种,让枣在粮食安全国家战略中发挥出最大潜力。

Chinese jujube(Ziziphus jujuba Mill.)is one of Chinese traditional woody grain,which has 1.47 million hm2 planting area with 8 million tons yield per year in China,accounting for more than 98%of the world’s production.In recent years,Chinese scientists have made important progress in Chinese jujube molecular breeding,laid a world-leading level in jujube research and consolidating the position as the world’s largest country.This article reviewed the application of molecular marker technologies such as SSR,ISSR,SNP,scnDNA in the genetic diversity,population structure and variety identification of Chinese jujube;the development of Chinese jujube genome sequencing and assembly(including‘Dongzao’,‘Junzao’and Ziziphus jujuba var.spinosa(Bunge)Hu ex H.F.Chow.),and the construction of high-density genetic linkage map from a crossing combination of fresh jujube varieties‘Dongzao’בlinyilizao’,etc.The latest research progress related to gene mining and function analysis were also reviewed for jujube molecular breeding,such as some genes involving in flavonoids and terpenoid biosynthesis pathways,abiotic stress(adversity,split fruit,etc.),flower organ development gene family members,self-inbred incompatibility etc.Finally,we showed the problems in the current Chinese jujube molecular breeding which were insufficient and disconnect among the theory,technology and actual production.Meanwhile,we put forward some advice including not only emphasizing the structure genes in main pathway regulating trait formation but also emphasizing branch route,strengthen the cultivation of rootstock varieties with higher anti-salinity and anti-cracking fruit,and enhancing efficiency of the genetic transformation system.It is hoped that the molecular design breeding and efficient genetic improvement of Chinese jujube will be achieved by making up for these deficiencies,and a batch of breakthrough varieties with high quality,high yield and high resistance will be cultivated,so that Chinese jujube can exert its greatest potential in the national strategy of food security.