河南双槐树遗址仰韶文化居民的牙齿微磨耗形态研究

Study on dental microwear of the Yangshao Culture residents at Shuanghuaishu site,Henan

以仰韶文化中晚期河南巩义双槐树遗址(34°48′56″N,113°05′12″E)出土的59例人类下颌第一臼齿为研究对象,使用超景深电子显微镜(KEYENCE VHX-2000),对牙釉质颊侧面微观磨耗条痕进行了系统的观察、测量和统计,并成功获取了每例样本的微观磨耗条痕数量、水平方向条痕平均长度(Lh)、垂直方向条痕平均长度(Lv)及L_(h)/L_(v)比值。统计结果显示,所有的牙齿研究样本,共观察到水平方向条痕569条,垂直方向条痕614条,L_(h)/L_(v)比值介于74.39%~174.23%之间,平均值为130.89%。其中,墓葬Ⅰ区31例牙齿标本L_(h)/L_(v)平均值为130.97%,男性个体L_(h)/L_(v)平均值为129.17%,女性个体Lh/Lv平均值为133.47%;墓葬Ⅱ区28例牙齿标本Lh/Lv平均值为130.79%,男性个体L_(h)/L_(v)平均值为129.64%,女性个体L_(h)/L_(v)平均值为132.87%。独立样本t检验结果显示,不同墓葬区和不同性别人群下颌第一臼齿颊侧面表现的微磨耗条痕并无显著差异;但不同年龄段人群的对比结果却展现了随着年龄的增长,水平方向的微磨耗条痕数量和长度也逐渐增加的特征,这表明个体摄入的植物类食物和细软食物的比例在逐渐增高。将该组人群与不同生计方式的世界不同地区现代居民和中国古代居民的L_(h)/L_(v)值进行比较,并结合其它相关的考古遗存研究成果,推测双槐树遗址人群以植物类食物为主,仅少量个体以肉食为主,其生业经济在同时期的中原地区盛行,以农业种植和家畜饲养为主体。

The subjects of this study were 59 examples of middle-late Yangshao Culture human mandibular first molars that were excavated in burials in AreaⅠand AreaⅡof Shuanghuaishu site(34°48'56″N,113°05'12″E)in Gongyi City,Henan Province.These dental samples were from people of diverse sexes and ages,including 9 youth males,15 prime males,12 middle-aged males,3 youth females,13 prime females,and 7 middle-aged females.The microwear streaks on the buccal side of the enamel were methodically observed,measured,and counted using an ultra-deep field electron microscope,and each sample's total number of microwear streaks,average length of horizontal streaks(Lh),average length of vertical streaks(Lv),and ratio of L_(h)/L_(v) were successfully obtained.According to the statistical findings,there were observed a total of 569 horizontal and 614 vertical streaks for all dental research samples,with L_(h)/L_(v) ratios ranging from 74.39%to 174.23%and a mean value of 130.89%.In Burial Area I,the mean Lh/Lv of 31 dental specimens was 130.97%,the mean L_(h)/L_(v) of male individuals was 129.17%,and the mean L_(h)/L_(v) of female individuals was 133.47%.In Burial Area II,the mean L_(h)/L_(v) of 28 dental specimens was 130.79%,the mean Lh/Lv of male individuals was 129.64%,and the mean L_(h)/L_(v) of female individuals was 132.87%.The independent sample t-test findings revealed that there were no significant variations in the microwear streaks present on the buccal side of the mandibular first molars between the various burial sites and among the various gender groups.The quantity and length of horizontal microwear streaks did,however,gradually rise with age in comparisons between age groups,indicating that individuals are consuming a progressively higher proportion of fine soft foods and plant-based diets.By comparing the Lh/Lv values of this group with those of the modern world and ancient Chinese inhabitants of various subsistence systems,it is assumed that the samples of Shuanghuaishu in this study were primarily vegetarian,with only a few individuals consuming meat-based foods,and that their subsistence economy was prevalent in the Central Plains region at the time,dominated by agricultural cultivation and livestock rearing.