区域视角下的二里头文化生业经济形态——基于河南省漯河地区碳、氮稳定同位素新证

Subsistence economy of Erlitou Culture from regional perspective:Based on new evidences of stable carbon and nitrogen isotope from Luohe area,Henan Province

二里头文化主要分布于中原地区,距今约3750~3500年,大体相当于古史所载夏文化。二里头文化研究主要集中于环嵩山一带的核心区,对于外围区域的关注相对较少。为了完善二里头文化生业经济研究,本研究对河南省漯河市召陵沟李遗址(33°36′42.9″N, 114°9′45.5″E)和源汇皇寓遗址(33°31′28.7″N, 113°54′24.4″E)的51例人和动物骨胶原样本开展碳、氮稳定同位素分析,同时结合动、植物考古研究成果,归纳当地二里头文化生业经济形态的主要内涵,进而从外围区域的视角比较分析中原地区二里头文化生业经济的联系、区别和变化。研究表明,漯河地区二里头文化时期人的δ13C和δ15N均值为-8.4‰±2.0‰和9.2‰±0.4‰(n=4),猪的δ13C和δ15N均值为-7.5‰±1.3‰和7.3‰±0.7‰(n=14),狗的δ13C和δ15N均值为-8.9‰±1.7‰和7.7‰±1.0‰(n=4),黄牛的δ13C和δ15N均值为-9.8‰±1.9‰和6.0‰±1.4‰(n=8),绵羊的δ13C和δ15N均值为-11.2‰和5.6‰(n=2),山羊的δ13C和δ15N值为-15.0‰和6.0‰(n=1),大中型鹿的δ13C和δ15N均值为-16.9‰±3.3‰和5.5‰±1.9‰(n=7),小型鹿的δ13C和δ15N均值为-21.5‰±0.1‰和4.3‰±1.2‰(n=4)。综合同位素与动、植物考古分析结果,当时漯河地区自然植被基本为C3植物,先民主食亦即农业以C4作物粟为主、黍为辅,家畜中猪和狗主要喂以人类残食,黄牛、绵羊和山羊则喂以不同比重的C4植物,很可能来自粟黍的秸秆类副产品,并且黄牛基本为圈养,绵羊和新出现的山羊则采取圈养加放养的混合管理方式,另有部分大中型鹿可能也被人工喂养。比较而言,漯河地区和中原地区的生业经济形态整体相近;以粟为主的旱作农业普遍占绝对主导,目前仅在偃师二里头遗址中发现稻粟并重的农业结构,充分凸显出都邑聚落的特殊性;家畜除了猪、狗、黄牛、绵羊以及部分喂养的大中型鹿之外新增山羊,并且牛和羊的圈养程度与管理规范性相比之前均有明显提升,在外围的漯河地区尤为显著。二里头文化的生业经济形态整体呈现出规范化的趋势,并且很可能由环嵩山一带的中原核心区向外围区推广,或许作为二里头文化着力打破旧格局和树立新秩序的重要整饬举措之一。

The Erlitou Culture was mainly distributed in the Central Plains of China approximately 3750~3500 years ago.Previous researches on the Erlitou Culture have vastly focused on its core area around the Mount Song in central Henan Province,but with relatively little attention paid to the peripheral areas.To improve our understanding of the complete Erlitou Culture,this research focuses on the subsistence economy in Gouli site(33°36'42.9″N,114°9'45.5″E)and Huangyu site(33°31'28.7″N,113°54'24.4″E)of Luohe City,Henan Province.Luohe City is located in the south-central part of Henan Province,as well the southern periphery in the Central Plains of China.The overall landform of this area is an alluvial plain,with the Funiu Mountains to the west and the flat Huang Huai River Plain to the rest.Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses were performed on 51 human and animal bone collagen samples collected from Gouli and Huangyu sites to obtain the local subsistence pattern,combining with other zooarchaeological and archaeobotanical analyses.In detail,the 51 human and animal samples included 4 humans(Homo sapiens),14 pigs(Sus),4 dogs(Canis),8 cattle(Bos),1 goat(Capra),2 sheep(Ovis),2 large sized deer(possibly Elaphurus),5 medium sized deer(possibly Cervus),4 small sized deer(possibly Hydropotes),3 tortoises(Testudinata),2 yellow-head catfish(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco),1 snakehead fish(Channa argus)and 1 bird(Aves).The results of the stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses show that meanδ13C andδ15N values of humans are-8.4‰±2.0‰and 9.2‰±0.4‰(n=4),meanδ13C andδ15N values of pigs are-7.5‰±1.3‰and 7.3‰±0.7‰(n=14),meanδ13C andδ15N values of dogs are-8.9‰±1.7‰and 7.7‰±1.0‰(n=4),meanδ13C andδ15N values of cattle are-9.8‰±1.9‰and 6.0‰±1.4‰(n=8),meanδ13C andδ15N values of sheep are-11.2‰and 5.6‰(n=2),δ13C andδ15N values of goat are-15.0‰and 6.0‰(n=1),meanδ13C andδ15N values of large or medium sized deer are-16.9‰±3.3‰and 5.5‰±1.9‰(n=7),meanδ13C andδ15N values of small sized deer are-21.5‰±0.1‰and 4.3‰±1.2‰(n=4).According to our results,the natural vegetation of Luohe City during the Erlitou Culture period was basically C3 plants.The farming and plant food were dominated by foxtail millet and supplemented by broomcorn millet,both of which were C4 plants.Pigs and dogs were mainly fed with residues from human diet,while cattle,sheep and goats were fed with different proportions of C4 plants,probably millet byproducts such as straw.Cattle were basically kept in captivity,while sheep and goats were managed by a mixed mode of captivity and free-range.It was possible that some larger-sized deer were also kept by human.The subsistence economy of Luohe City was then compared with other regions of the Erlitou Culture.In conclusion,the subsistence strategies among the Central Plains of China during the Erlitou Culture period were very similar.Foxtail millet generally dominated the farming and plant food,while the Erlitou site of Yanshi County was so far the only one that foxtail millet and rice co-dominated the local farming,which fully highlighted the particularity of this capital-level settlement.In both core and peripheral areas,human kept pigs,dogs,cattle,sheep,goats and some larger-sized deer as livestock,and the goat was a new type emerged at this time.Notably,the husbandry of cattle,sheep and goats was significantly improved to be more standardized and well-organized in Luohe City,one of the peripheral areas.Overall,the subsistence economy of the Erlitou Culture showcased a trend of standardization,which radiated from the core area around the Mount Song to more peripheral areas,such as Luohe City.These improvements in management and normalization perhaps facilitated the Erlitou Culture to establish new order as an entity.